Problem description:
Except thinkers.
Analysis:
Gu (16 13 ~ 1682)
Thinkers and writers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. At the beginning, his surname was crimson, and his word was loyal and clear, and the Qing army went south. He changed his name to Yanwu, and his handwriting is better. He used to be a "maid in Shan Jiang" and was called Mr. Lin Ting. Kunshan (now Jiangsu) people. When I was a teenager, I was deeply influenced by my successor, Gu Shaofu, and cared about reality. Pay attention to practical learning, including astronomy, geography, water and soil, military affairs, agriculture and laws and regulations of past dynasties. He once took part in the struggle against the eunuch's ultra vires. The Qing soldiers went south, and the heir king died of hunger strike. He took part in the anti-Qing struggle of Kunshan and Jiading people. In the 13th year of Qing Shunzhi (1656), he went north alone, traveled all over Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places, got to know patriots all over the country, observed the geographical situation of the Central Plains, and attempted to recover. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), he was imprisoned in Shandong for the "yellow case". Released after being saved by a friend. The Qing court forced him to participate in the compilation of Ming history many times, but he was severely rejected. Gu studied Confucian classics, opposed empty talk, paid attention to evidence, distinguished sources, examined names and facts, and created the academic atmosphere in Qing Dynasty. He has strict self-discipline and good conduct all his life, and has no depression in the face of adversity, showing firm national integrity and unyielding spirit.
Gu has extensive knowledge and rich works, and has deep attainments in Confucian classics, phonology, history and literature. His literary achievements are mainly poetry, with 465,438+02 poems of various styles, including 4 poems lost in JOE's Notes on Gu. Gu believes that "literature will be beneficial to the world" (Rizhilu), "therefore, everything is not about the Six Classics and the worldly affairs" (Three Books with People). He said: "Poetry doesn't have to be written by everyone", "Harmony is the most harmful thing for your poetry". He opposes all flattering, aggressive and boring entertainment literature and advocates a serious creative attitude. He advocated that "poetry should emphasize rhythm, not ingenious thinking", but he was not generally opposed to the use of skills. He pointed out that Hanshu is "tied to a canon and cannot be changed", while Shiji is "full of modality and delicate writing", so he thinks Hanshu is not as good as Shiji. He opposed the blind imitation of the ancients and once criticized a friend's poem and said, "Your poem is sick in Du, and your poem is sick in Korea and Europe." If you have this road in your heart, you will never get rid of the word "depend" and you will never reach the peak. "("Books and People "Volume 17) Gu
Gu's poetry creation has strong realistic politics and obvious epic characteristics. The Qing army crossed the south, burning and looting all the way. Gu wrote a series of heroic poems about national subjugation and extinction. In Autumn Mountain, he described the tragic situation of people in Jiangyin, Kunshan, Jiading and other places who were massacred and looted after the failure of anti-Qing: "The flag was buried in the ground, and the ladder rushed to the end of the city. A long and dull failure. Lying on the mountain and dying. 300 ge north, Gege is so beautiful, and "Yamakaji, burning city. "The dog went down to Wumen, and Bai Hong was an army base. Poor and strong county, Qi Jing was born. " Yang, He Tengjiao and others died of stubborn resistance to the Qing Dynasty and made poems in mourning. At first, he pinned his hopes on the Nanming regime. In Jingkou is a Thing, he compared Shi Kefa, the governor of Yangzhou, to Zu Ti, whose ambition was restored in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Yao of the Southern Ming and Tang Dynasties appointed him as the Minister of War. After receiving the imperial edict of the Tang Dynasty, he was very excited and excited. In the poem Ambassador Yan Ping, he wrote: "I will stay in the army and dream of holding a halberd class in the DPRK." Four famous seven-character poems, The Sea, pay attention to the restoration cause and feel sad. Chang Lin's "Poem on the Carved House" was rated as "beyond the ages, directly attacking Lao Du". He was deeply saddened by the successive collapse of the Nanming regime and pinned his mind on "Sacrificing Changling in spring and Xiaoling in autumn" ("Xiao Ling Sacrifice"). Fifty Years of Changping, A Wild Goose, New Year's Day, Appreciation of Fu Zhiyun, Fenzhou Sacrifice to Wu, Inoue's Memories, etc. It shows that he still misses his old country until his later years.
Gu has a profound experience in politics and the world, and there are many progressive factors in his thoughts, such as opposing "the four seas are trapped and poor, and talking about danger all day long" (Learning from friends) and advocating that the monarch "treats the world with public interests" (On counties). In "Rizhilu", he criticized the practice that "the division between monarch and minister is not as good as the prevention of Han clan", and put forward the viewpoint that "those who protect the world, every man's humble responsibility", which broke through the limitations of feudal ethics and ethics, produced a spark of democratic thought, and brought a new color to his patriotic thought.
Born in the historical period of great social changes, Gu faced up to reality and reflected on it. His poems formed a gloomy and desolate artistic style, approaching Du Fu in spirit and strength, and made great achievements in the early Qing Dynasty. Shen De □ commented on him as follows: "Concentrate on your studies, … be exhausted, and rhyme the rest." . However, the words must be spoken, and things must be accurate, wind and frost, the quality of pine and cypress, and both. As far as poetry is concerned, I refuse to be a second-rate person. "("Ming don't cut poetry ")
Gu is also an excellent essayist. His letters are sharp and his argumentative essays are concise and gorgeous. His notes, such as "Wutong Out to the Star" and "When Shu Wupan was a son", expose the crime of the Qing army's massacre of the city or praise the noble character of the people. The reading situation is as it is now, and the characters are vividly on the paper.
Gu's works include Poem Fu, Pan Lei in Qing Dynasty, block-printed edition of Kuai Guang Dian, four copies of Pan Block-printed edition, and six copies revised by Zhonghua Book Company. In addition, there are Rizhilu, Five Books on Phonology, Phonology Correction, and Diseases of Counties in the World.