Background, the spread of 1 Buddhism and Taoism has brought the development of Confucianism into crisis.
The trend of the integration of the three religions permeates all fields of society.
3 Confucian scholars continue to think and explore
Reasons for the rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty;
(1) After the monarch of the Song Dynasty advocated the unification of the Song Dynasty, in order to change this social and political decline, the monarch advocated the policy of emphasizing integrity and literature over martial arts.
(2) The popularity of private education: In the Song Dynasty, the popularity of private education was extremely strong. Private schools attach more importance to the study of "self-cultivation" than to the study of managing the world, and attach importance to Confucian classics and moral education.
(3) The development of printing: books before the Tang and Song Dynasties were all written by hand, so they did not spread widely. Block printing was developed in the Tang Dynasty, and movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Song Dynasty, which made books more popular, spread Neo-Confucianism more easily and widely, and promoted the development of Neo-Confucianism.
Reasons for the Rise of Neo-Confucianism
Reasons for the prosperity of Song Ci
Pan Deyu in Qing Dynasty said: "There were poems in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there were poems in the Tang Dynasty." Song Dynasty is the heyday of Ci, from emperors to famous prostitutes who advocate Excellence. According to Tang Guizhang's "Quan Song Ci", there are more than 1,200 ci poets in the Song Dynasty, with more than 21,600 ci poems. It can be seen that there are so many poets and rich works in Song Dynasty that they are incomparable in any era. Song ci flourished.
(1) Economic prosperity
In order to consolidate political rule, strengthen centralization of authority, restrain the rise of local forces and make the domestic situation more stable. The Song Dynasty also adopted a series of measures to promote the development of agricultural production, the rise of handicrafts and commerce, and the prosperity of urban economy. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains region was spared from military disasters for more than a hundred years, and the art and culture adapted to social and economic prosperity also developed rapidly, especially the short-form and singing-featured words, such as poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, developed very prominently.
(2) the establishment of teaching workshops and karaoke bars
In order to meet the needs of the rulers to entertain guests and sing and dance at that time, there were not only "teaching workshops" in the court, but also geisha rooms in big cities, and there were also many geisha in the aristocratic gentry's homes, which promoted the development of lyrics more generally.
(3) the development of literature itself
By the end of the Tang Dynasty, poetry had reached a mature stage, no matter how long or how old. It is difficult for writers to make a new breakthrough, and it is replaced by another style, and words are a new form to replace poetry. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Ci became a part of literati's enjoyment. Due to the narrow realm of five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, it left a vast world for poets in the Song Dynasty to fully display their talents. They used it. It expresses sincere and frank feelings, so the theme of Ci is broader, the system of Ci is gradually complete, and the artistic style is diversified, which can be said to have entered the golden age of Ci.
General situation of the development of Song Ci
Early northern song dynasty
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the upper-class literati generally inherited the ci style of the two masters, Nan Tang and Feng Yansi, without much new development. The poets in this period were Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Zhang Xian, Yan, Liu Yong and Su Shi, among whom Liu Yong and Su Shi made outstanding achievements.
The content of Yan Shu's Ci mainly expresses the feelings of singing, music, feasting and regretting the passage of time. His words are elegant and affectionate, with beautiful style, skillful language and harmonious tone, which is quite artistic. His "A New Word and a Glass of Wine in Huanxisha" and "News Agency when Swallows Come" are all well-known works.
Ouyang Xiu's ci has a narrow theme, and he mostly writes about women's posture, love between men and women, parting from sorrow, making friends and feasting, etc. He likes to use common sayings to enter words, which is fresh and natural, and his feelings are sincere and lingering. His Walking on the Sand can best represent this style.
The content of Zhang Xi 'an's ci mainly describes the life of literati, men and women, and also reflects the life of metropolis. He likes to write slow words, which has played a certain role in the development of ci style.
The appearance of Liu Yong's Ci changed the style of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. He inherited and developed the fine traditions of folk ci and literati ci in his creation. With his simple and natural ci style, he brought a new look to graceful ci, developed a slow ci system and made important contributions to the development of later ci.
Su Shi innovated his ci, making it poetic, prose and argumentative, expanding the theme of ci and improving the artistic conception of ci. The artistic conception of his ci is magnificent, which has greatly changed his ci in form, content and style, and opened up a healthy and broad road for his ci.
Late northern song dynasty
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, it developed in artistic conception and temperament. Among them, the most representative poets are Qin Guan, a graceful poet, and Zhou Bangyan, a metrical poet, followed by He Zuoxiu, whose ci style is similar to Qin Guan.
Qin Guan's ci poems mainly focus on tender feelings, love between men and women, parting feelings and sentimental life stories, such as Walking to Tasha Chenzhou Hotel and Wei Yun in Fangshan, Man Ting, etc., with sincere feelings, delicate style, skillful language and strong artistic appeal.
Zhou Bangyan is proficient in melody, and he can compose his own music. His poetic metrical method is extremely accurate, which is a norm for later poets and has great influence.
He Zhu was an important poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and his ci content and rhetoric were equally important. He Zhu's words are graceful and unrestrained. Most of his works are about the feelings of men and women and the feelings of parting, and a few works, such as Jade Case, are also excellent.
Early southern song dynasty
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the northern Jurchen nobles established the Jin State and occupied it. ......
Reasons for the Rise and Development of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty
The rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (also known as Taoism in Song and Ming Dynasties) has profound historical and social reasons:
1. The bottleneck of the development of Confucian classics has prompted the internal reform of Confucianism.
2. The influence of Buddhism and Taoism on Confucianism.
3. The ideological trend of the integration of the three religions.
4. After the separation of Confucianism, Taoism and Philosophy in the pre-Qin period, the Confucian world view, ontology and theory of mind and nature were not perfect.
5. The personal efforts of Neo-Confucianism promoted the revival of Neo-Confucianism.
6. The orthodox position of Confucianism has been impacted.
7. It caters to the requirements of the chaotic social situation and ideological state since the Tang and Song Dynasties for the revival of Confucianism.
Causes of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
1. The bottleneck of the development of Confucian classics has prompted the internal reform of Confucianism. 2. The influence of Buddhism and Taoism. 3. The ideological trend of the integration of the three religions. 4. After the separation of Confucianism and Taoism in the pre-Qin period, the Confucian world view, ontology and theory of mind and nature were not perfect. 5. The personal efforts of Neo-Confucianism promoted the revival of Neo-Confucianism. 6. The orthodox position of Confucianism has been impacted.