8.？ Vagrant novel: it is a model of modern European novel. Ideological tendency: the protagonists are mostly unemployed. While describing their unfortunate fate, the works also describe their deception, theft and various pranks forced by life, showing the negative resistance of the unfortunate; Material selection: basically based on real life, especially the life of urban civilians; Structure: according to the protagonist's activities, according to his activity footprints, through personal experience and what he saw and heard, arrange various life scenes. ) 9.？ University Talent:1A number of humanist playwrights appeared in Britain in the late 6th century. Most of them have received university education, humanistic thoughts and profound knowledge, and they are quite innovative in drama creation. ? 10.？ /kloc-the literature in the 0/7th century mainly includes: classical literature, baroque literature and literature reflecting Puritanism. ? 1 1.？ Three unification: 17 th century classical drama creation law. The plot, time and place must be "integrated". Single plot; Within a day; In one place. ? 12.？ Baroque literature:/kloc-came into being in the second half of the 6th century and reached its peak in the first half of the 7th century. It originated in Italy and Spain and flourished in France. The main features are empty thinking, plain content and artificial form. ? Question and answer:? First,? What are the artistic features of Homer's epic? ? 1, exquisite structure.
A, Homer got rid of the limitation of history and tried to imitate the complete action, so that his works avoided the straightforward narrative of running account and formed an overall pattern with distinct themes and prominent centers. B, both epics are related to what happened in 10, but both epics adopt the method of concentrated summary and concentrated drama, focusing the story on a character, an event and a certain time, thus condensing many characters, complex plots and rich life pictures into a rigorous whole. ("Hiriart" focuses the 10 war on the last 5 1 day, highlighting the key 20 days in 5 1 day, and the focus of these 20 days is 4 days. In the plot, it revolves around two anger of Achilles. ) ? 2. Characterization: Characters usually have the characteristics of complexity and distinct levels. (Agamemnon: headstrong, rich, powerful and self-blaming. Achilles: Heroic and arrogant, unable to take care of the overall situation. Odysseus: resourceful and tenacious, brave and unyielding. ) ? 3. Language: flowery rhetoric, witty remarks, vivid words and metaphors abound. Metaphorically, using "iron" refers to the strength, determination and will of a warrior, and also refers to the bad and gloomy weather of fighting. Use similes to "adjust" the monotonous war. Symbol. ) ? Second, the image analysis of Achilles? ? Third, the development and change of ancient Greek tragedy? ? In the crown of ancient Greek literature, tragedy is undoubtedly the most dazzling pearl.
However, most of his works were lost before the end of the Middle Ages. To explore the development and changes of ancient Greek tragedies, we can only analyze them from 33 handed down works by Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides. ? In their works, thinking about fate highlights the development and changes of ancient Greek tragedies. ? Aeschylus's works are set in the legend of heroes and praise the power of God. Man's destiny is guided by God. More powerful than God is fate, and God can't get rid of it. For example, Prometheus, who has the ability to predict his fate, told Russia his fate in The Bound of Prometheus. Although he was angry at Zeus' cruelty, he didn't stand up against the bound fate. Instead, he told Io that he would be saved by her descendants. Even Prometheus, who dared to steal skyfire for mankind and disobeyed Zeus' wishes, did not dare to disobey his fate. He can only silently endure the ravages and calmly wait for Hercules' rescue. ? In Aeschylus's works, there are many ways to convey fate through gods or prophets. He holds a fatalistic helpless mentality that he can only obey. Fate is the inevitable cause of his characters. ? In Sophocles' works, tragedy is no longer that man becomes a plaything of God or fate. In his works, man changed from a slave of fate to a hero, who dared to doubt the injustice of fate. Although Oedipus finally obeyed the Oracle of "killing the husband and marrying the mother", he did not accept the fate arranged by God, dared to face the reality and punish himself.
It can be seen from euripides's works that one's destiny can be decided by oneself. Unwilling to be abandoned, Medea murdered her rival in love with trickery and brutally killed her two young sons in retaliation for her husband's ingratitude. However, she didn't collect the karma of fate, and she drove away in a magical car. What goes around comes around doesn't work for her so much as fate is in Medea's hands. ? Fourth, the characteristics of church literature. ? 1. Advocating religious teachings, the authors are mostly monks. ? 2. In art, dreamy story forms and symbolic expressions are often used. ? 3. Genres include Christian stories, saints' works, prayers, hymns, religious narrative poems, religious dramas, etc. ? Fifthly, the duality of Dante's thought in The Divine Comedy and its artistic characteristics. ? The dual thoughts of the old and the new show the dawn of humanism on the one hand, and the religious belief in the Middle Ages on the other. ? a)？ Politically, he sharply exposed the Pope, attempted to put religion above politics, and longed for national unity. Instead, I put my hopes on a wise monarch. Like henry vii. ? b)？ Anti-church is not anti-religion. It angrily condemned the Pope for controlling the secular regime and driving him into the eighth hell at that time, and strongly criticized him for "walking backwards like a stake". Expose the sins of the medieval church and demand reform. But he also accepted the concepts of going to heaven, atonement and original sin.
c)？ Emphasize human reason and free will, affirm the emotional life in this life, and regard this life as a preparation for eternal life in the afterlife. On the other hand, it has religious abstinence thought and religious divinity thought. ? d)？ Praise people's talent and wisdom, oppose ignorance, and admire ancient Greek culture (Homer is the king of poets and Aristotle is the light of philosophy). At the same time, in his inner world, he always thinks that literature and philosophy are lower than theology, and divinity ranks first. ? e)？ In art, realism and symbolism are combined. ? Artistic features: ① Unique structure, famous for its neatness and symmetry. It uses three songs, each with 33 songs, mostly composed of 30 or 90 songs. Each song rhymes with a three-line rhythm or a three-line chain, similar to a "triangle" building. (2) the combination of fantasy and reality. The three realms are the embodiment of fantasy and religious enthusiasm, but they also show strong reality. Especially in hell, most historical and realistic figures are talking to their souls. Heaven reflects reality with the help of materials on the ground. (3) In terms of language, colloquial writing is adopted and Latin writing tradition is abandoned. Created a precedent for writing in national languages. Latin has a strong religious meaning, and the national language is closer to life, which has an important influence on the later Renaissance creation, national consciousness and national culture. However, Latin is used where it is difficult to express metaphysical thoughts. ) ? Six, the Seven Star Poetry Society in the French Renaissance. ? (1) is composed of Longsha and others, and has a strong aristocratic tendency.
They are convinced that life praises nature and love and opposes asceticism. ? ③ Pay attention to the unification of national languages and the establishment of national poems. ? ④ Try to imitate ancient Greek and Roman literature and despise folk literature tradition. ? ⑤ Works are often divorced from reality and have made great achievements in language reform and construction. ? Seventh, the duality and complexity of Don Quixote in Cervantes' Sancho. ? The two men are in sharp contrast both in appearance and internal character. Don Quixote is tall and thin. Sancho is short and fat. Don Quixote is full of wisdom and lofty ideals, but his mind is upside down, while Sancho is dull and pragmatic, even a little short-sighted. ? (2) The two also influence and infect each other. In image, they complement each other and gradually merge into an inseparable whole. ? Eight, the characters and artistic features of Shakespeare's Hamlet. ? Characters: ① In essence, Hamlet is a typical example of humanism in upper bourgeois society. He not only has the rational characteristics of nobility and great humanitarianism, but also has the negative side of pessimism. (2) Personality characteristics. The play focuses on how he moved from happiness to melancholy. His affirmation of people and loyalty to love and friendship show that Hamlet was once an optimistic and idealistic humanist and a "happy prince". However, family changes and betrayal of friends and lovers made him depressed, and his pain and anxiety made him a "melancholy prince"; Hesitation in revenge is the most prominent part of his character, and he is called the "delayed prince".
(3) Hamlet's tragedy is not only a tragedy of his character, but also a tragedy of the times. At that time, the bourgeoisie was in a weak position of feudal nobles. Shakespeare wrote this play not to tell people what to do, but to tell people how to do it. ? Artistic characteristics: ① The creative method has the duality of reality and romance. The angry words at the headquarters meeting, the drunken indulgence in the palace hall, the enemies at the entrance of the Norwegian army, etc., are all reminiscent of the author's current life. Through dialogue, the complex emotional world of the characters is revealed, and the "play in the play" formed by ghosts and imagination in the middle of the night is full of romantic and complicated colors. (2) Characterization: Focus on revealing the depth of characters through the description of inner conflicts. Molding characters' personalities and being good at using inner monologues. Through comparison, the characters can achieve the organic combination of richness and personality. ③ Plot structure: multi-level and multi-clue. Hamlet's revenge is the main line, while Laertes and the Norwegian prince's revenge is the double line. The three lines and roads are developed in a staggered way, with clear priorities. The language is vivid and vivid, and more than 20 thousand words are used in the play, with many metaphors. ? Nine, the artistic characteristics of classical literature. ? ① Draw artistic forms and themes from ancient Greek and Roman literature. ? ② There are strict artistic norms and standards. (3) unification; Literary genres are divided into refined and popular. ? ③ The language is accurate and meticulous, showing more court interest. ? ④ Typed representation. Classical writers only pursue "universal humanity" and their characters are single.
X. The influence of vagrant novels on later generations. ? (1) Based on reality. ② The plot structure is complete. ③ Pay attention to characterization. ? Xi。 Characteristics of Moliere's comedy creation. ? (1) profound ideological content, directly depict the reality. Moliere's philosophy is to act according to the "correct nature", that is, to act according to the principles of rationality and rationality. He doesn't sanctify instinct and desire, but believes in the instinct of existential reason. ) ? (2) Many of Moliere's comedies have a strong fighting spirit, which adapted to the needs of the monarchy at that time. (a) Most of his comedies are set in bourgeois families, trying to expose bourgeois vices by describing the life of the upper bourgeoisie. He made a merciless attack on big noble. His description of the lower classes is unbiased. ) ? In art, Moliere has made great achievements. (a) He wrote custom comedies and personality comedies, which fundamentally transformed the old and new comedies. B He grasped the complexity of the characters, who were accompanied by other characters besides the protagonist. Darduff is hypocritical, sinister, lewd and cautious. There is more farce in his comedy. ) ? 12. The image of Darduff in Hypocrite and the artistic features of the play. ? Photo: ① Darfur is a typical religious liar. He is hypocritical, scheming, cunning and vicious. (3) Social significance: exposing the hypocrisy, debauchery and greed of the upper class of feudal nobles.
Darduff's personality characteristics are highly summarized as the hypocrisy of religious nobles, and he has become synonymous with hypocrisy of pretending to be pious. ? Artistic features: ① Unique and novel structure. Cover up first, then present, from far to near, and focus on exposing its hypocrisy. The plot is ups and downs. (3) Artistic creation according to classical principles. A follow the "three unifications". B advocates kingship and rationality in ideological content. C has made a breakthrough in classicism and is good at organically integrating various dramatic factors. It also draws lessons from folk drama techniques, such as slapping is a farce, and family quarrels are folk dramas.