How to appreciate oil painting

Impressionism 65438+an artistic school and literary trend of thought popular in France, Europe, America and even the world from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Impressionism Art Impressionism appeared in France as a painting school. 1on March 25th, 874, a group of young French painters, such as C. Monet, P.-A. Renoir, C. pissarro, A. Sisley, E. Degas, P. Cezanne and B. Mo Lisuo, held an exhibition of works by unknown painters, sculptors and printmakers in Paris. Inmonet exhibited a painting called. From the artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the classical academic school that occupied the orthodox position at that time, and opposed the romantic painting that was increasingly stuck in the stereotype and affectation. But under the impetus of the realistic painting styles of C. Koro, barbizon school and Courbet, it absorbed the nutrition of paintings from Holland, Britain, Spain, Japan, China and other countries, and was inspired by modern science, especially optics, thinking that all colors are produced by light, so it was based on the red spectrum. Because light is changing rapidly, they think that only by grasping the flash of light can we uncover the mystery of nature. Therefore, in painting, we pay attention to the study and expression of external light, advocate going outdoors and painting under the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the direct feeling of the scene, so as to show the subtle changes of the color of the object under the light. As a result, impressionist painting changed the black of traditional painting into bright blue and purple in the treatment of shadows. Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, the latter is represented by Degas, and pissarro is in between. Because of the pursuit of external light and color, impressionist painters mainly take trivial things around them and direct experiences as their themes, and describe more people and natural scenery in reality. In composition, more fragments or scenes of objective images are intercepted to deal with the picture, which breaks the boundary between sketching and creation. Impressionist painters have held eight exhibitions, the first two of which were severely criticized by the media at that time, and later gradually became an influential art school and expanded to other art fields. Impressionist painting was supported and encouraged by Manet in its formation and development. Impressionist painting, as an artistic trend of thought, occupies an important position in the history of world art, which has promoted the innovation of artistic techniques and the change of ideas in the future, and has exerted great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China. Impressionist Music Impressionist music was originally created by French composer Debussy. The word impressionism first appeared in the music of 1887. The judges of the French Academy of Fine Arts accused Debussy of the unclear structure of the second symphony suite "Spring" when he was studying in Rome, and asked him to "be wary of vague impressionism". When his string quartet premiered in Brussels in 1894, critics began to praise it with "impressionist music". In the future, this word is often used to summarize Debussy and his music with similar styles, and it is no longer derogatory. Impressionist music evolved from late romanticism and folk music, and also absorbed the nourishment of oriental music. Its artistic expression is as follows: ① A novel motivational vocabulary is composed of short-tuned cells. ② In rhythm, I like the complicated beat and polyrhythm, and the irregular subdivision of the beat weakens the driving force, showing a state of scattered flow. ③ Pay attention to the expressive force of the mode, and adopt the corresponding mode according to the image requirements. Expanding the concept of tonality often avoids obvious convergence. The use of diatonic scale makes every tone in the mode occupy the same position, weakens the sense of center of the tone, and causes polytonality. Harmony is the most important means of expression, because I like to juxtapose different colors and sounds by plane and painting. By increasing the possibility of chord structure and weakening the functionality of harmonic progression, we can get extremely rich harmony colors. ⑤ The timbre is rich, unique and novel. In vocal music works, bass areas lacking brilliance and dramatic power are often used. The extensive application of color means in various musical instruments. ⑥ The arrangement of orchestration and texture is novel. ⑦ The structure is often loose and fuzzy, but the outline of trilogy can still be seen in many works. After Debussy, although it is difficult to classify a composer as impressionism, the practical influence of impressionism music style and techniques has spread throughout the whole music world. Impressionist literary historians believe that impressionism entered literature after the 1970s of 19, but there are different opinions on how impressionism is expressed in literature and which writers and poets belong to impressionism. What is certain is that some writers in western Europe did have a creative method similar to impressionist painting and music at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, that is, they devoted themselves to capturing vague and fleeting feelings and impressions. Due to the particularity of literary creation, impressionism in literature pays more attention to how this instant feeling experience can be transformed into an emotional state. Just like the Impressionists in painting and music, they are also opposed to the logical or rational refinement of the relationship between the things described, so they themselves have become the intermediary between conveying external stimuli and instinctive reactions. Impressionism literature and symbolism literature are similar, both of which are formalistic literary schools; But there are also differences between them, mainly because Impressionists are opposed to expressing ideas by symbolic means and tend to describe feelings. Some poets, usually regarded as symbolism, are actually more inclined to impressionism. For example, the poem The Art of Poetry by Paul Welland, one of the leaders of symbolism, is not so much about symbolism as an impressionist declaration. French literary historians regard the Gongur brothers as the representatives of impressionism novels, while pierre loti, another French poet and novelist who is regarded as the representative of impressionism, indeed, some of his poems "capture the instant feelings and impressions" like impressionism painters, but not all of his works are like this. Some French writers in the 20th century were seriously influenced by Impressionism, and in some novels, only the vague pursuit of feeling and impression was left. In some works by Wilde and others at the end of UK 19, impressionism tends to be obvious. 1912 ~1918 the imagist school composed of some British and American poets in London, like impressionism, emphasizes the description of sensory impressions, but they claim to pursue a "clear and tough" image. They think that the ambiguity and ambiguity of the image are the remnants of romanticism, so they attack with all their strength. However, the theoretical differences are sometimes difficult to detect in creative practice. For example, many works of American poets such as Imagist Ai Lowell, Xi doolittle and John Gauld Fletcher are inseparable from impressionist poetry. The situation of German literature is similar, and literary historians can't confirm the impressionism schools with clear boundaries. Headed by Detlef von Lilinkeren, including Richard Daimer, Gustav Falk and others, they are considered to be the most obvious impressionism in Germany, but they emphasize on truthfully recording the poet's feelings and experiences of things, so they are close to naturalism. In addition, many poems, such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arnold Holtz, have different degrees of impressionism. Impressionism also refers to a kind of literary criticism, which is called impressionist criticism, that is, perceptual criticism. This criticism refuses to make a rational and scientific analysis of the works, but emphasizes the aesthetic intuition of the critics. It believes that the best criticism is only to record the process of critics' feeling beauty, and at most to point out how and under what conditions the impression of beauty is produced. Therefore, impressionism criticism is a vague criticism of "interpreting poetry with poetry", and it is often written in the form of prose poetry, so literary criticism has become an artistic category that is not essentially different from literary creation, and the person who writes this criticism is often a poet or writer himself. Post-impressionism Post-impressionism The artistic phenomenon after impressionism in France in the 65438+80s and 90s. The title of post-impressionism was created by British art critic R Frey. The main representatives are P Cezanne, V Van Gogh and P Gauguin. They all follow Impressionism to varying degrees, and then they are gradually dissatisfied with Impressionism's overemphasis on objective expression and Neo-Impressionism's unilateral pursuit of external light and color, and advocate expressing their feelings more strongly. His creative characteristics are attaching importance to the lines, color blocks, decency and Cezanne's Road to Orville (oil painting), as well as strong internalization and personalization. Although they have the same creative tendency, they also have their own distinct artistic personality: Cezanne pays attention to the concreteness, stability and internal structure of matter, which greatly promotes cubism and constructivism. Cezanne's creative activities all his life are to pursue the eternal form and three-dimensional structure in his mind, thus creating a sense of weight, volume, stability and grandeur of the image, and finally achieving the effect of simplification and geometrization, which also made him the originator of cubism and abstraction later. Van Gogh's pursuit of expressive lines and colors and decorative pictures directly inspired the two schools of animism and expressionism. Van Gogh's new painting style can be described as impressionism and neo-impressionism. Japanese ukiyo-e prints are the product of his personal temperament and the result of the intersection of eastern and western paintings. A prominent feature of Van Gogh's paintings is his strong expression of his personality. Some people say that all his paintings are self-portraits. Gauguin advocated drawing from memory rather than facing the real thing, and advocated comprehensive and symbolic aesthetic principles. Gauguin paid attention to the originality and symbolism of artistic expression, which had an important influence on symbolism, surrealism and other schools. Post-impressionism completely abandoned the attitude of naturalism, shook the foundation of imitation as a function in western painting, led painting to a more novel subjective world with strong feelings, and provided a model for western modern art schools in the 20th century. These three painters were recognized by the society long after their death. The three of them opened the door to modern art together, and under the influence of their creative ideas and artistic concepts, animism, cubism, expressionism, abstraction and so on came into being. , completely changed the face of western painting, from objective expression to subjective expression, and modernized it. They are called the fathers of modern art. Strictly speaking, post-impressionism is not a painting school. They are not a group, nor have they jointly held an art exhibition or made a declaration. It's just that all three are born out of impressionism and have the same creative tendency. Later art historians found that they were not only related to Impressionism, but also different from Impressionism, so they were called "Post-Impressionism". Representative figures: Cezanne (Paul Cézanne, 1839- 1906), Gauguin (paul gauguin, 1848- 1903), Van Gogh (Vincent Van Gogh, 1853-65438). Abstraction hardly reproduces concrete objects in nature, and the art of composing works in abstract forms such as colors, lines and shapes is always called abstraction. It is one of the most important artistic mainstream in the 20th century. 1932, the "abstract creative school" with the general goal of non-figurative art was formed, which connected most artists of the abstract painting school at that time, such as Oedipus in France, absolutism and constructivism in Russia, Desterbon in the Netherlands, New Modeling, Purism in France, Bauhaus in Germany, etc. The representative painters of abstract art are mondriaan, Kandinsky, Delaunay, Duchamp, Tatlin and Ozanfan. Dutch painter mondriaan is one of the founders of abstract painting school. It is believed that art is an external form completely divorced from nature, with the purpose of expressing abstract spirit and pursuing the absolute realm of the unity of god and man. His form of expression is the combination of lines and geometric figures, and the color has developed from gray, black and white to pure red, yellow and blue. In creation, he denies ideology, rejects the expression of material form and pursues pure formal beauty. Representative works include Composition of Red, Blue and Yellow, and Scene 2. Kandinsky, Russian painter. One of the founders of abstract painting school. Born in Moscow, 1909 went to Munich, Germany to study painting, and engaged in artistic activities in France and Germany for a long time. 19 10 began to draw pure abstract paintings, advocating "pure art form" and denying concrete paintings related to life. In technique, the composition of point, line and surface expresses the painter's feelings and subjective wishes. Kandinsky's abstract paintings have great influence in the European art world and are important members of Bauhaus. Representative works include The First Composition, The First Symphony, The Rest, etc.