In The Analects of Confucius? For politics, Confucius' disciples recorded a sentence from Confucius about poetry:
Confucius said, "There are 300 poems. In a word, it says' thinking naively'. "
This is what Confucius felt when he read poetry. Truffles? One sentence in Biography ("Thinking Innocent") summarizes 300 comments on "style, elegance and praise" in the whole Book of Songs. This sentence, the three words used by Confucius, seems to us to have no mystery today, and it can't be more ordinary. However, as far as their explanation is concerned, they are far from simple.
(A) the existing examples of interpretation
(1) Yang Bojun and Wu Shuping: Confucius said that there are 300 poems in The Book of Songs, which can be summarized in one sentence, that is,' There are no evil thoughts in the mind'. ”[ 1]
This view is quite representative among mainland scholars, and the interpretation of this sentence in many books is similar. Arthur waley's influential English version of The Analects of Confucius abroad also holds the same view on the translation of this sentence:
The master said that if I had to sum up all my teachings in one sentence among 300 songs, I would say "Let there be no evil in your mind". [2]
However, judging from the translator's comments on the translation, the translator regards the word "four" as a modal particle, which obviously confuses the word "four" in the text with the word "four" in the following "four Marceau". (Domestic scholars generally think that the latter's "Xiang" is a modal particle, which is also wrong, which will be discussed later in this article)
2 Mr. Nan's The Analects of Confucius is not a translation, and there is no strict translation, but from its interpretation, he also agrees with this view:
"People alive, there is thought. Every thought is bound to have problems. If there are no problems, they won't think. Confucius's "thinking innocence" is for this. There must be something wrong with people's thinking. Without cultural education and serious education, they will not be on the right path. So he said that the purpose of sorting out 300 poems is to' think naively'. " [3]
(3) Mr. Qian Mu made such an evaluation of "innocent thoughts" in the New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius:
Naively think: truffles? The words of the biography. In other words, poetry changes with beauty, so we should persuade the good and punish the evil. Then the author has 300 kinds of thoughts, all of which belong to innocence, which can make all thoughtful people in the world and later generations return to innocence. There is a saying, naive and straightforward. The authors of 300 articles, whether they are dutiful sons, loyal ministers, men and women, all express their deepest feelings and write their hearts straight without any false pretense. This is called poetry, and 300 articles are the same. So Confucius said this to cover up his righteousness. Poets are as bright as ever, so they can enjoy watching and complaining by learning poetry. This statement seems better than the previous one. Does the horse have the so-called evil and righteousness? The poem says, "Drive away evil spirits with cars, think innocently, and take Miss Maslow." Get rid of it and strengthen your appearance. Yi, line righteousness. It means the horse goes straight ahead. Sima is a language word, so don't think about it. Although many poems are taken out of context, there is little violation of the original intention. Say yes after meeting old friends.
Mr. Qian's vernacular translation is as follows:
Mr. Wang said: "There are 300 poems in The Book of Songs, and one of them can be included, that is,' Thinking Innocent'." [4]
Mr. Qian Mu listed two popular views and indicated that he preferred the latter. However, although the latter view conforms to the general idea of "expressing ambition through poetry", it is difficult to stand on the ground in philology. It is only a vague inference drawn by scholars according to the general idea of poetry, because "evil" and "oblique" are cognate words [5], and "innocent" does not mean "straight". Because to satisfy this meaning, negative words should use "nothing" instead of "nothing". More importantly, "evil" itself has the meaning of "table" (Shuo Wen Jie Zi Wen Du Bu: "evil, table also." Duan Yucai's note: "Express, each from the wood, today is right. Anyone who says that the fighting method is oblique, the words follow the fighting method. " ), plus the word "nothing", the meaning is reversed, and it is impossible to express the artistic conception of "emotion beyond words, straightforward writing, and no affectation".
(4) Different from the mainland tradition, Taiwan Province scholars seem to have inherited Mr. Qian Mu's viewpoint. Mr. Fu Peirong's vernacular translation is:
Confucius said, "There are 300 Poems of the Book of Songs, which can be summed up in one sentence. It can be called: All of them are from true feelings."
Mr. Fu's evaluation of "innocence in thought" is as follows:
Naive thinking: out of poetry? Truffles? "Fast", which describes Ma Xiangqian's brave and healthy directness, is extended to the poet's straightforward confession, and everything he does is out of true feelings. [6]
The problem with this annotation is that the words "think innocently" are not used to describe the poem "Ma Xiangqian walked bravely and healthily". Like arthur waley's mistake, he confused Marceau, who really described Ma Xiangqian's brave and healthy way of walking straight, with his previous naive thinking.
(B) "Naive thinking" in The Book of Songs
In order to find out the reason, it is necessary for us to put the book of songs? Truffles? You copied it intact and did some necessary research. [7]
Mature stallion, in the wild,
People who are short of breath have emperors,
There is yellow, Pumbaa is a car.
Thinking has no boundaries, use Maszang to think!
Mature stallion, in the wild,
Speak softly, have some questions,
There are parallel cars.
Always think, think for yourself!
Mature stallion, in the wild,
If you have a thin tongue, you will have a parallel and lock.
There is a pheasant, which is deduced by a car.
Think without thinking, think with wisdom!
Mature stallion, in the wild,
Those who are short of breath have their own troubles,
There are fish and fish, and the car is used to remove them.
Naive thinking, Sima Silong!
In view of many problems in its translation, we will not list them one by one, but only discuss the words directly related to "naive thinking". The author thinks that the whole essay is quite regular, which is very helpful to interpret Naive Thinking. I don't know why so many annotators of The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Songs ignore this point. Is it a quality problem? Is it an attitude problem? The author can only sigh again and again for it!
The author thinks that as long as we compare endless thinking, endless thinking, carefree thinking and carefree thinking together, it is not difficult to find that "boundary" and "period" are words that indicate the boundary between space and time. Because poetry has the characteristics of parallelism and symmetry, we can preliminarily infer that "worry" and "worry" should also be.
Let's look at the word "easy" first.
"Yi": According to Yang's analysis of difficult words, the author of The Complete Interpretation of the Book of Songs interprets it as "boring" and "no Yi" as "thinking carefully, no boring". This is obviously far-fetched in Chinese dictionaries. Ji does have the meanings of boredom, disgust, dissolution and prosperity, but it can not be ignored that it also has the meanings of ending and termination, and the latter, like the frontier and period, represents time and space. "Said the article? Ji Bu: "Ji Bu, finally. "Biography of Yingying by Yuan Zhen in Tang Dynasty:" Fortunately, I don't forget subtlety and miss you. " The Ming Dynasty Yu Shuo Wen Jie Zi Volume 10: "Praise is unnecessary." It can be seen that "thinking without regret" means "thinking without ending" [8]
Then, let's look at the word "evil" closely related to this article.
"Evil": According to Yang's analysis of difficult words, the author of Complete Interpretation of the Book of Songs interprets them as "pure thinking and innocent songs". In addition to the meaning of evil and injustice, "evil" is also connected with "surplus", which means "surplus" Historical records? Almanac: "Taking the right is in the middle, but it is still evil at the end." Pei Qian's explanation led Zhao Wei to say, "Evil is not enough. At the end of the leap month. " Zuozhuan? In the year of AD, it was "the end." It can be seen that "thinking innocently" means "thinking innocently" and "racking one's brains", which is different from "frontier", "period" and "urgency". The latter three means that thinking has not reached the boundary, while "thinking without hindrance" means that the thinker has tried his best and can't think of any new tricks. It is precisely because of this difference that Confucius chose "thinking innocently" to summarize the whole poem, rather than "thinking without boundaries" or "thinking without regrets"
As Mr. Qian Mu said, "A poem praises a horse. Does a horse have the so-called evil? " The whole poem describes horses. How can horses have so-called "evil" and "righteousness"? Mr. Qian drew the correct general direction with philosophy, but unfortunately failed to make a further investigation of the whole poem.
(C) On the determination of mood auxiliary words
In the process of browsing the complete solution of The Book of Songs, the author has a prominent impression, that is, when people can't interpret a word or even a word, the most convenient and lazy way is to arbitrarily characterize it as a "modal particle".
As far as this poem is concerned, the word "thinking" in Sima Si Cang, Sima Si Cai, Sima Si Zuo and Sima Si Long is obviously not the so-called mood particle, but the content word that clearly expresses the meaning of "thinking". Taking "thinking without evil, thinking without evil" as an example, the latter "thinking" is obviously a repetition and concretization of the former, which is one of the methods of poetry creation. I wonder why horses are so strong! The Complete Interpretation of the Book of Songs translated this sentence into "Duke Zhou's thought is pure, and the horse is fat, running thousands of miles!" It looks quite funny now.
There are also two words in this poem that are identified as "mood auxiliary words", that is, "thin words" among the "thin words" that appear repeatedly in four paragraphs. The author casually used the words "thin word, word" to perfunctory the past. The word "Bo" has a very rich meaning. Surprisingly, its meaning gradually violated its original meaning in the process of development and went to the opposite side of its original meaning. The original meaning of "sparse" is "a place with dense trees" [10], and its extended meaning has gradually developed to indicate that the density or thickness is small, the feelings are indifferent, the land is barren, slight, solemn and despised. It is for this reason that it is difficult for people to think of its original intention. The more famous "experts and scholars" probably feel "confident", the less necessary it is to look them up in the dictionary.
The author thinks that the "thin words" here are actually "thick words". It is precisely because of this that every poem takes pains to list a large number of words describing horses, such as "Hu", "Hu", "Hu" and "Hu". Surprisingly, a similar entry appeared under the word "Bo" in the Chinese Dictionary:
The auxiliary word It is often used at the beginning of a sentence, which is equivalent to "husband" and "harmony". "Poetry? Nan Zhou? Complain: "pick slugs, choose with fine words." "Mao Zhuan": "Thin, word also. " [ 1 1]
This shows that as early as Mao Heng's time, I could not understand the original intention of this poem. I think this sentence is not difficult to understand. It is nothing more than using laughter to describe the situation of women picking plantain seeds. "Small talk" means that everyone keeps laughing and joking, indicating that workers are constantly working tirelessly in mutual conversation.
Next, the dictionary quotes the Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? An example of Ge Tan: "I am thin and dirty, I am thin and ugly", and I quote Dai Zhen as a supplementary explanation: "I am thin and quiet." This is also wrong. In fact, just under the annotation of "thin" in the dictionary, there is also the meaning of "hard work": Volume 1 of Dialect: "Thin, encouraging. Qin and Jin Yuezhao are thin, so their proverbs are thin and gentle. " Guo Pu's Note: "Nowadays, people are struggling to speak." "pipe? Weight ":"Fathers and elders return to life, while Dingzhuang people return to thin industry. " Therefore, here's "thin dirty my private, thin clothes" is really "desperately washing my shirt, desperately rinsing my single coat". The complete interpretation of the Book of Songs not only interprets it as an auxiliary word, but also thinks that it has the meaning of rushing. But it also shows that the author vaguely (or instinctively) felt the substantive meaning contained in the word "Bo".
These examples once again show that it is necessary for us to revise the ideas and methods of ancient books collation in time, otherwise, mistakes will emerge one after another.
(4) Conclusion
To sum up, what is discussed in The Analects? The political meaning of this sentence is
Confucius said: "There are 300 poems in The Book of Songs (creative characteristics). Borrowing a sentence from the original Book of Songs, it can be described as' painstaking and solitary'."
By the way, there seems to be something wrong with sentence reading now. "Within a word" and "Yue" need not be separated by commas, but should be linked together: "within a word". Confucius borrowed "thinking innocently" from the Book of Songs to explain that the poet's thinking is completely operable when writing poems, and each poem shows the highest limit of the poet's thinking ability, which is different from the meaning expressed by the so-called "poetry expressing ambition". Of course, Confucius also has the view of "expressing ambition with poetry", which can be seen from the bamboo book Confucius' poetics published by Shanghai Museum in recent years:
"Confucius said: Poetry dies, music dies, and words die."
The author interprets the confusion in the interpretation of several distant words and thinks that translation can be handled as follows:
Confucius said: writing poetry does not retain the ambition expressed strongly in the heart; Yuè doesn't keep the emotions that should be strongly expressed in her heart; Disputes do not retain the language that should be strongly expressed in the heart. In other words, poetry should express a strong desire; Express strong emotions when playing, and express strong words when debating. [ 12]
Therefore, it is unfounded and misunderstood to interpret "innocent thoughts" as "simple thoughts" or "thoughts without evil thoughts".