The standard for reference citations should be MLA (the Modern Language Association) or APA (the American Psychological Association) according to different professional directions. Generally, MLA focuses on the application of humanities, and APA focuses on the application of natural subjects. . Degree applicants should carefully read the corresponding specification manual. This section provides some examples for reference.
3.1 Quotations in the text
When citing other people’s opinions, methods, and remarks in a dissertation, the source must be indicated. When indicating the source, parentheses should be used, and footnotes are generally not used. Or endnotes.
3.1.1 Citing the point of view of the entire document
There are two situations when quoting the point of view of the entire document (i.e. the whole book or full text). One is that the author’s surname is not in the text. Appears, such as:
MLA:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).
< p>APA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).
Another situation is The author's surname appears in the same sentence in the text, and does not need to be enclosed in parentheses according to MLA regulations, such as:
MLA:
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites , not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
According to APA standards, there is no need to repeat the author’s last name in brackets, such as:
APA :
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).
If the author's surname and literature are published The year appears in the same sentence in the text, and according to APA standards, brackets are not required, such as:
APA:
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
When citing Chinese works or journals in papers written in English, only the author’s name should be indicated in Chinese pinyin in the parenthetical notes. The surname must not use Chinese characters, such as:
MLA:
(Zhu 12)
APA:
(Zhang, 2005) < /p>
3.1.2 Citing a specific idea or text in a document
When quoting a specific idea or text in a document, you must indicate the page number where the idea or text appears. No page number is a document. Citing irregular performance.
For example:
MLA:
Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).
Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).
APA:
Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social ” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).
Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b ) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
Pay attention to these In the example, the page numbering method when the citation exceeds one page: the MLA standard is (Marcuse 190-203), and the APA standard is (1988, pp. 39-40).
If the author's surname already appears in the same sentence in the text, there is no need to repeat it in brackets, such as:
MLA:
Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).
APA:
Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11).
3.1.3 Citing the same document written by multiple authors
MLA (two to three Author):
Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).
(If there are three authors, separate their last names with commas in the parenthetical note, e.g.: (Alton, Davies, and Rice 56).
)
MLA (more than three authors):
The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).
APA (two authors):
Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.
Note the use of "and" and "&" respectively in the parentheses of the two specifications.