The Historical Background of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang (569? 6 18) was the second son of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the emperor of Sui Dynasty. Nicknamed Amin, also known as Angelababy. In the first year of Emperor (585), he was made King of Jin at the age of thirteen, and served as general manager of Bingzhou, guarding the capital. (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) In order to give his son physical exercise, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty will be a great post in the future. Let Wang Shao, a talented minister, be Yang Guang's assistant minister. Yang-ti is young and eager to learn, good at poetry and prose, and has written 55 volumes. Yang guang reigned in 14 (604? 6 18), both civil and military, brilliant, outstanding military exploits. ? Unify the whole country? 、? Build a canal? 、? Jiandongdu? 、? Westward Journey Zhang Ye? 、? Reform and innovation? 、? Three tours of Jiangdu? 、? Three driving Liaodong? It can sum up what he has done in his life.
The achievements of Emperor Yang Di:
Building a smooth national lifeline (building a canal) and (building an eastern capital)
In 584 AD, Emperor Emperor Wen of Sui of the Sui Dynasty ordered Yuwen Kai to lead the people to open canals. The Weihe River leads from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly along the old Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of 150 kilometers, hence the name Guangtong Canal. In 604, it was renamed Yongtong Canal. However, with the development of politics, economy and culture in the north and south, the canals built locally can no longer meet the needs of society. Communicating the north-south waterway has become an urgent need for social and economic exchanges. In 605 (the first year of Daye), in the first year of Yang Di's accession to the throne, he recruited millions of soldiers to build Tongji Canal. In the same year, the Han Dynasty was rebuilt. In 608 AD, millions of migrant workers from Hebei were recruited to dig Yongji Canal. Communication with the Yangtze River in 6 10 AD. So far, the project of digging the Grand Canal has been basically completed. Emperor Yang Di spent six years digging the Grand Canal. Yang Di successively dug Tongji Canal, from the Yellow River to Bianshui, and then from Bianshui to Huaihe River. There are also gullies that enter the Yangtze River from Huaihe River; Jiangnan River from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang); Lead Qinshui to the Yellow River in the south and Yongji Canal in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north. These canals are connected north and south, which is the famous Grand Canal in history. The Grand Canal starts from Zhuo Jun in the north and ends in Yuhang in the south, winding for more than 5,000 miles from north to south. When Yang Di built the canal, he built royal roads on both sides of the canal and planted willows. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than 40 detached palaces have been built along the way, and many granaries have been built along the canal as places for transporting or storing grain.
North and South? Grand Canal? , connecting Qiantang River, Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River. On the canal? Merchant ships can't stop riding? The Grand Canal promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, safeguarded national unity and strengthened centralization of authority. The Grand Canal not only strengthened the military and political rule of the Sui Dynasty over the south, but also made the materials from the south reach Luoyang and Chang 'an smoothly at that time. This is beneficial to the military and politics, but also strengthens the cultural exchange between the north and the south. Such a huge project has benefited thousands of generations. For China, the Grand Canal is far more important than the Great Wall. The Grand Canal connects the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin, connecting two civilizations. Make the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin gradually become one. Building the Grand Canal is an initiative to unite China. It meets the urgent need to connect the Yangtze River basin, which has become the national economic center, with the north, which is still the political center. ? Grand Canal? The construction of the project makes the water transportation in China smooth and develop, and lays a solid foundation for the future prosperity of China. Since the late Qing Dynasty, water transportation has changed to sea transportation, and the Grand Canal is no longer the main artery of the national economy. Yang Di in Sui Dynasty brought great benefits to China's descendants. His contribution to China is immortal and hard to compare with others ... but he has paid too much for it. Waste of people and money leads to the destruction of the country. Building such a huge project, no one will please anyone, and whoever builds it will harm the country. Who dares to build such a huge project? Who else dares to write such a big word? Probably only Qin Shihuang had the same great god.
In 608 AD (the fourth year of the Great Cause), Yang Di sent troops to destroy Tuguhun. Hijikata Chizuru Li will be expanded from the east bank of Qinghai Lake in the east, Tarim Basin in the west, Kuruktag Mountain in the north and Kunlun Mountain in the south, and county-level management will be implemented. Put it under the rule of China. This is a place where no formal administrative region has ever been established.
In 609 AD (the fifth year of the Great Cause), Yang Di led an army from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) in Kyoto to Longxi, Gansu, crossed Qilian Mountain in the west, and then went north through vats to Zhangye County in Hexi Corridor. This trip is by no means for sightseeing or personal pleasure. Due to the desert border and harsh natural conditions in the west since ancient times, Emperor Yang Di was also hit by a snowstorm. This canyon is more than 3000 meters above sea level, and the temperature is below zero all the year round. Most of the soldiers froze to death and most of the accompanying officials were separated. Emperor Yang Di was also very flustered and suffered a lot on the road. Yang Di's voyage to the West lasted for half a year, covering Qinghai and Hexi Corridor. It means a lot. In feudal times, Emperor China arrived in the far northwest, only Emperor Yang Di. In the course of his voyage to the Western Ocean, Emperor Yangdi set up four counties, namely Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan and Qiemo, which further promoted the northwest regions such as Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang to become an inseparable part of China.
After Yang Di arrived in Zhangye, the monarchs of the twenty-seven countries in the western regions and Mitchell appeared before each other one after another, expressing their obedience. Businessmen from all over the world also gathered in Zhangye to trade. Yang Di personally opened the Silk Road, which strengthened the contacts and exchanges between the Central Plains and the West in all aspects. This is a feat that only a famous monarch can achieve through the ages. To show the prosperity of China, Yang Di Yang Guang held the World Expo on the ancient Silk Road. Tourists travel hundreds of miles, which is the first in the world. The smooth Silk Road not only made Zhangye's international trade market more prosperous, but also promoted the rise and development of qi zhou in Guanzhong (now Fengxiang in Shaanxi), Chang 'an in Xijing and Luoyang in the East. Since then, merchants from Gaochang, Xiang Yan, Qiuci, Shule, Khotan, Guo Kang, Anguo, Miguo, Tuholo and other countries in the Western Regions have been coming and going between Chang 'an and Luoyang in an endless stream. Yang Di also sent Li Si to participate in Du Xingman's mission to the Western Regions and brought back five-color salt from Anguo. Li Yu, the captain of Yun Qi, was sent to Persia. When he returned to China, Persian messengers and businessmen followed him to the Central Plains. Then the Sui Dynasty became a more open country.
Even on the eve of the demise of the Sui Dynasty, countries surrendered to the Great Sui Dynasty. He also gave a gift to the Sui Dynasty. ? In the spring of the 11th year, Wu Jia held a big banquet on the first day of the first month. Turkic, Silla, Mohong, Bidazi, Kudu, Chuanyue, Unati, Bora, Tuholo, Dujijian, Hulun, Mohong, Huduo, Peihan, Qiuci, Shule, and Khotan. Sui Shu.
? Su Su autumn wind, leisurely miles. What did Wan Li do to build the Great Wall?
What a clever boy, the camp of saints. Trees are the eternal strategy, one trillion years.
Dare to worry, high pillow in Beijing. Look at the Beihe Wushu Festival, rolling thousands of miles.
The mountains and rivers are intertwined, and Yuanye is too poor to be reasonable. Strike the gold and stop, and the drums will flourish.
Thousands of flags in the Great Wall Cave drink horses. Autumn clouds are beyond the Great Wall, and fog is dark in Guan Shanyue.
Fate is strict, and it is sent by an empty bonfire. Excuse me, Khan called on North Korea at the time of the Great Wall.
Turbid air calms the Tianshan Mountains, and the morning light shines high. Releasing soldiers or motivating the brigade, everything will be abolished.
After drinking the story, you will return to the front of the Qing palace. ?
This is Yang Di's "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" when he went to the Western Ocean, which has become a masterpiece throughout the ages. ? The first gas is very strong, and it is very windy in Wu Weifeng. ? Later scholars spoke highly of his poems. ? Combining the talents of the North and the South, Yang-ti is a real high group. ? ,? Sui, Feng's character is firm. Emperor Yangdi got the essence from China. Compared with safflower, the standard is clear. As soon as Emperor Yang Di washed away the decadent wind, he tried his best to make specimens. The ancient road remains here. ? Another song written by Yang Di, Moonlit Night on the Spring River? The twilight river is quiet and the spring flowers are blooming. The waves will leave the moon, and the tide will bring stars. ? , enough to show his literary talent. ? Can make elegant and upright language, better than Chen Houzhu. ? ,? Emperor Yangdi's poems lived far away in Pan and Lu, washing away floating words. However, it is still close to the body of the south. ? The poetry of Emperor Yang Di of Sui Dynasty occupies an important position in the history of China literature and poetry.
Emperor Yang Di's voyages to the Western Seas, expanding the territory, setting the western border, made great contributions in Wuwei, shocked all countries, launched trade, enhanced China's prestige, and unblocked the Silk Road. This was done by a generation of powerful monarchs.
In 6 10 (the sixth year of Daye), the Sui government established Yiwu (Hami) county as five counties. Besides expanding its territory to the northwest, Yang Di in Sui Dynasty also launched a series of wars to expand its territory to the southeast. The victory of these wars extended the territory of the southeastern part of the Sui Dynasty to Annan, Champa (now Vietnam) and Taiwan Province Province. On Hainan Island, there are three counties: Boer, Zhu Ya and Linzhen. Wuyuan County (Inner Mongolia area) is located in the north. In addition, the Sui Dynasty divided the powerful Turkic into two parts, East Turkic and West Turkic, and won the battle with East Turkic. This also laid a solid foundation for Tang Taizong to win a series of victories in the future. According to some modern people's views on the territory of the Tang Dynasty, the territory of the Sui Dynasty was actually larger than that of the Tang Dynasty.
Yang Di's failure lies in his overuse of the people, his eagerness for quick success and instant benefit, and his desire to achieve great achievements. Three driving Liaodong not only consumed a large number of its own main army, but also brought a heavy burden to the people. Mainly because the military service is too heavy. Building the Grand Canal itself will hurt the people and the country. A series of wars to expand the territory also consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. Emperor Yang Di's overconfidence and underestimation of the enemy led to the failure of his first expedition to Korea and plunged into the quagmire of war. Causing disgruntled soldiers to defect. The people also revolted to escape the heavy burden, which laid the groundwork for the collapse of the Sui Dynasty. However, Da Sui was able to quell the uprising and rebellion, which can be seen from the fact that his troops of Li Yuan later quelled the rebellion.
The Development Purpose of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties
China has a vast territory, and there are many big rivers in this ancient land, but all of them flow horizontally from west to east except Irtysh River and Lancang River, and there are no north-south longitudinal rivers, which is determined by the basic topography of East Asia. Among these rivers, the Yellow River is the cradle of the development of the Chinese nation, and the Yellow River Basin is the birthplace of Chinese civilization. The downstream is the most developed and prosperous area in ancient economy, culture and science, and it is also the most densely populated and politically active place. The Yellow River flows from west to east, which facilitates the horizontal connection between east and west, which is not conducive to the vertical connection between north and south, and the vertical economic and cultural exchanges are greatly affected. There is no lack of rich land in the north of the Yellow River, and the southeast coast south of the Yellow River is rich in products, but the development time is not long. This geographical defect has caused the unbalanced economic and cultural development in China. Our ancestors wisely perceived this problem, which led to the desire to dig north-south longitudinal artificial rivers.
In the long history of China, feudal rulers frequently fought and conquered in order to consolidate their political power. In order to ensure the transportation of a large amount of grain and grass needed for military operations and occupy an advantageous position in water transportation, it is undoubtedly necessary to communicate with the north-south water transportation and dig canals for military operations. It can be seen that the Grand Canal was dug mainly for the convenience of those in power to consolidate and develop their own political power, and military action and economic development were the most direct purposes. At the same time, it also has the attribute of following the imperial city.
The excavation of the Grand Canal has experienced a process of continuous improvement and expansion from short to long, from part to whole for thousands of years.
China has a long history of utilizing natural water sources, building artificial canals, irrigating farmland and transporting. According to records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a canal between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River in order to attack the State of Qi, transport troops and grain, and recruit a large number of civilian workers. Gully? . This is the rear section of the Grand Canal in Jiangsu. From the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, some channels were built one after another. Although these channels are intermittent, the Grand Canal has begun to take shape in the south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains. With the development of politics, economy and culture in the north and south, the local canals can no longer meet the needs of society. Jiangnan region, in particular, is playing an increasingly important role in the national economic life, and it has become an urgent need for social and economic exchanges to communicate the north-south waterway.
After the Sui Dynasty unified China, the people obtained stable social conditions to engage in production, and the social economy gradually recovered. In 584, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Yuwen Kai to lead a crowd to reopen the Cao Canal. The Weihe River leads from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly along the old Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of 150 kilometers, hence the name Guangtong Canal. In 604, it was renamed Yongtong Canal.
However, large-scale construction was still carried out after Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang came to power. In 605, Yang Di recruited millions of soldiers and servants to build Tongji Canal. In the same year, the Han Dynasty was rebuilt. In 608, millions of migrant workers were recruited from Hebei to dig Yongji Canal. Communicate with the Yangtze River in 6 10 years. At this point, the construction of the Grand Canal was basically completed, and it was the Sui Grand Canal.
While building the canal, Yang Di also built royal roads and planted willows on both sides of the river. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than 40 detached palaces were built along the way. In addition, many granaries have been built along the canal as places to transport or store food.
The Grand Canal dug in the Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang in Kyoto as the center, reaches Zhuo Jun in the northeast and Yuhang in the southeast, with a total length of 2,500 kilometers. It connects Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, and connects Shi Jing, Du Dong, Zhuo Jun (Youzhou), Junyi (Bianzhou), Liang Jun (Ningzhou), Yang Shan (Chuzhou), Jiangdu (Yangzhou), Wu Jun (Suzhou) and Yuhang (Hangzhou) to the metropolis. On the canal? Merchant ships can't stop riding? It promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, safeguarded national unity and strengthened centralization of authority.
During the Tang Dynasty, some repairs were made to the canal. For example, in 742 AD in the east of Sanmenxia, people once dug a passage in the rock. Tianbao River? .
Subsequent dynasties continued to use and build the Grand Canal in order to safeguard the vital interests of the ruling class. By the Yuan Dynasty in the 0/3rd century A.D./KLOC, Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu was the capital (now Beijing), and the political and economic center of the whole country also moved here. Or use Suiqu. However, the Sui Canal is not very straight in its north-south direction. In fact, it turns a big bend to the west of Luoyang. This route is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the freight is high. Kublai Khan therefore realized that as long as a river that runs directly from north to south is opened, it is the fastest, most economical and most effective artificial river.
So Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered the excavation of Huitong River in 1289. This river starts in Linqing, Hebei Province and ends in Anshan, Dongping Road (now Shandong Province) in the south. A Tonghui River was opened from Beijing to Tongxian to communicate with the old river. In this way, you can go directly from Hangzhou to Beijing without bypassing Luoyang. However, some rivers excavated in the Sui Dynasty were gradually abandoned because they were silted up for many years and were not cleaned up. The river channel dug in the Yuan Dynasty is called the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Compared with the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, this canal moved eastward greatly, still connecting Beijing and Hangzhou, but only 1794 km, nearly 800 km shorter than the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty. This is the Grand Canal we see now.
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