1. Trial image
Images: Images in classical poetry are subjective emotional images expressed by objective images (such as mountains, rivers, vegetation, etc.). In short, the so-called image is the external objective things that the author subjectively feels, and the author uses these objective things to create artistic conception and express emotions. For example, Zhang Ji's poem "Qiu Si" says: "Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians opened again. " The two images of "autumn wind" and "letters from home" are the key to understand the whole poem. "Autumn wind" creates an atmosphere for homesickness, and "letters from home" is a direct "tool" for reposing homesickness.
Image is the objective object to maintain the poet's feelings and constitute the artistic conception of poetry. In order to understand the emotion contained in poetry and the artistic conception in poetry, we must first grasp the image. Images can be divided into three aspects: the characters, characters or lyric heroes portrayed in poetry; Scenes, scenes in poetry; Things, images about things in poetry.
(1) Appreciation of Character Image
It is necessary to make clear what the image in the poem is, what its basic characteristics are and what its significance is (ideological content and attitude).
Common poetic figures are: ① images that do not admire powerful people and are free and easy, such as Li Bai. (2) The image of worrying about the country and the people is brilliant and hard to be rewarded, such as Du Fu. (3) The images of hermits who care about mountains and rivers and live in seclusion, such as Tao Yuanming and Wang Wei. (4) The image of being determined to serve the country and being generous and cynical, such as Lu You and Xin Qiji. (5) Friends bid farewell and miss the image of hometown, such as Wei. 6. Dedicated to the frontier fortress, against the image of conquering, such as Gao Shi, Wang Changling, etc.
(2) Landscape appreciation
It is necessary to grasp and summarize the * * * characteristics of the scenery (the expression method used to write the scenery is generally reflected in the expression), and give the emotional thoughts that the author wants to express.
(3) Image appreciation
We should grasp the characteristics of things from the perspective of the integration of things and people, such as appearance, inner world, quality, feelings and so on. Express the characteristics of things by anthropomorphic means or reveal the meaning of things by symbolic means.
When appreciating a specific work, we should not only pay attention to the objective image described by it, but also see the subjective thoughts and feelings injected into it through the appearance, and pay attention to the degree of integration of subjective and objective aspects. Only by grasping the image, theme, mood, social significance and appeal of the works can we truly appreciate the ancient times.
Poetry works. For example, in the 2002 college entrance examination volume, Li Bai wrote in the poem "Smelling the flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night": "Whose Yu Di flies secretly, the spring breeze fills Los Angeles. Who can't afford to be homesick when they hear the willow break in this nocturne? " To understand the meaning of "folding willow" in the title, the key is to understand the image of "willow". There are similar sentences in the ancient poems learned in this paper, such as: "Yang Liuan breezes and moonlight" (Liu Yong's Yulin Ling), "I smell the flute and willow, but I don't see the spring scenery" (Li Bai's Xia Sai Qu), "Why should Qiangdi complain about the willow, the spring breeze is not enough" (Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci), "I am gone, Liu Yiyi. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing guests. " From this, we can understand that the "willow" in ancient poetry has a special meaning. The graceful and swaying "willow" is homophonic with "stay", and the ancients also had the custom of breaking the willow to bid farewell, which can easily be extended to "willow-stay-leave-rely on"
Reluctant ",can be associated with, parting people see willow, will think of parting scene, will emerge to Liu farewell scene, the in the mind will be full of sadness. This makes it easier to understand the meaning of "farewell and nostalgia" contained in the word "folding willow" in the poem. However, to grasp the image of poetry, we should avoid thinking stereotypes, such as the poem "Chrysanthemum": "Autumn shrubs are like Taoist priests, and the more you fence, the more inclined you are. It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred in flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. " In people's mindset, whenever chrysanthemum is mentioned, it is associated with its noble temperament. However, the author of this poem loves chrysanthemums because chrysanthemums eventually wither in the flowers. "This flower is even more flowerless" has nothing to do with the noble temperament of chrysanthemum. If the understanding of this image is biased, it will lead to mistakes. (See "Summary of Common Images in Poetry Appreciation" in the section "Summary of Knowledge Points in NMET Poetry Appreciation")
2. Product language
Product language is the key word and sentence in the poetry of high-quality products. Understanding key words is the first step of poetry appreciation. Only by correctly understanding words can we appreciate poetry accurately. Therefore, keywords become part of the exam questions. For example, Wei Yan's "Danyang sent Wei to join the army" in the Tang Dynasty: "Danyang sent a boat with a national gift, and you didn't know each other's autumn. In the evening, Jiangnan looks to the north of the Yangtze River, and water comes from Western jackdaw in the west. " The scene of the poet's farewell to Wei's joining the army shows the sincere friendship between the poet and Wei. Understanding the word "autumn" in the poem is related to grasping and appreciating the whole poem. Autumn is a writing season on the surface, but it actually expresses the author's mood at that time. The author skillfully uses the word "autumn" on "heart" to explain "sorrow", thus expressing the author's thousands of feelings of separation and anxiety. It is believed that the word "autumn" is mainly used to explain that the season of farewell to friends is wrong. and
For example, Xin Qiji's poem "Give a Zhuang Language to Chen Tongfu": "When you are drunk, look at the sword and dream back to blow the horn. Give the roast beef to the men and the band will play northern songs. This is a military parade on the battlefield in autumn. /Made by horses, as fast as lightning. It is a good idea for the emperor to complete the great cause of recovering the lost land of the country and gain a good reputation from generation to generation. Poor white hair is born. " The first sentence, "drunk watching the sword", never forgets to serve the country; "Dream Back to the Barracks and Blow the Horn" is about waking up at dawn and hearing the magnificent trumpets of various barracks one after another; The sentence "800 Li" vividly describes the feast scene of soldiers sharing roast beef under the military flag. "Fifty strings" refers to all kinds of musical instruments playing together, and "Voice beyond the Great Wall" refers to the magnificent and sad military songs. The phrase "giving up" describes the general's high morale when he won the battle and won a total victory, and expresses the poet's ideal of regaining lost ground, reunifying the motherland and winning a place in history. The last sentence, "Poverty happened", expressed the poet's experience in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Under the oppression of the ruling clique, the ambition of recovering the rivers and mountains of the motherland cannot be realized. These words must be accurately grasped one by one in order to understand the meaning of the whole article.
When tasting the language of poetry, we should learn to appreciate the language style of poetry. The so-called language style refers to the unique language artistic personality gradually formed by the poet in the long-term creative practice, which is the condensation of the poet's personal temperament and poetic aesthetic concept in his works and the artistic feature that is constantly different from other poets. There are various styles, and different poets or different works of the same poet often show different styles. The following categories are available.
Bold and magnificent: this style of poetry uses majestic and unrestrained language to shape broad and novel images, create broad and far-reaching artistic conception and express positive thoughts and feelings. I climbed to the top. I look around the world, and the vast rivers are gone forever. The yellow cloud was blown away by the wind for hundreds of miles, and a snow peak was surrounded by a vortex with nine times the current. " (Li Bai's "Lushan Song" is a suggestion to Lu Xuzhou)
Depression and frustration: Depression is a deep meaning. A depressed poet seems to have a thousand words in his chest, and then he ponders it over and over again. I came from three thousand miles away. With the sadness of autumn, with my sorrow of a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
Tragic and generous: The works of this style are tragic in feelings and high in words, full of feelings about the times, or they were not ambitious at that time, or they were upset at that time, worried about the country and the people, and their hearts were depressed and indignant. Such as: "before me, where were those lost times?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " (Chen Ziang is on the tower of Youzhou)
Simple and natural: its language strives to be plain, does not pursue gorgeous rhetoric, and shows the characteristics of plain, but plain contains profound meanings. For example, "under the east fence of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely." The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "(Tao Yuanming's Drinking")
Graceful and delicate: this style often embodies the characteristics of "qu, thin and soft", with a secluded winding path, lingering artistic conception and delicate emotional expression. Such as: "the wind has stopped the dust and the fragrant flowers have been exhausted, and I am tired of combing my hair at night. Things are people, not everything, and tears flow first. It is said that Shuangxi Spring is still good, and it is also planned to make canoes. I am afraid that the ship will not move and I have many concerns. " (Li Qingzhao's "Wuling Spring")
Implicit euphemism: that is, it contains profound meaning, hidden but not revealed. This style often does not directly express the meaning, but is hidden in the image, allowing readers to imagine and think. For example, "the bridal chamber stopped red candles last night to pay homage to my aunt and uncle in front of Tianmingtang. After makeup, low eyebrow asked her husband. Is thrush fashionable? " (Zhu Qingyu's Boudoir Sacrifice to Zhang Shui Department)
Fresh and lively: this style often uses beautiful language to create beautiful artistic conception and express happy feelings. Its artistic realm is like the clear willow color after heavy rain and the trembling crystal drops on the lotus leaf. Such as: "The leaves are dry and rainy, the water surface is clear and round, and the wind and the load are at one stroke." (Zhou Bangyan "Su Muzhe")
Humor and satire: refers to the humorous, witty or spicy style and interest in poetry. Such as: "Bamboo cigarettes are sold for nothing, and the ancestral home locks the river." Liu Xiang didn't study until the ashes were cold and Shandong was chaotic. "(Jason's book burning pit).
Find a way to express yourself.
The so-called expression technique is also the writing technique used by the author in writing. Simply put, the technique of expression is how the author expresses the image of reposing feelings. If the image is compared to a pearl, the expression technique is to string the colored lines of the pearl. This is also a key point for college entrance examination examiners to examine candidates' analytical appreciation ability. For example, in the poem Qiu Si, Zhang Ji's detailed description of "pedestrians come and leave" can be described as "normal"; In Song Qi's Magnolia, the word "red apricot branches spring" and the word "noisy" are transformed from static to dynamic, cleverly personified and the realm is exhausted; Su Shi's "Red Plum" takes "Red Plum" as the description object, and the use of personification makes things and me integrated and the scene blended.
Ancient poetry pays great attention to expression techniques and skills, so the techniques and skills of appreciating ancient poetry have become an important examination content of poetry appreciation. Generally speaking, the expressive techniques of ancient poetry can be divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, descriptive techniques and rhetorical techniques. (See "Summary of Common Skills of Poetry Appreciation" in the section of "Summary of Knowledge Points of Poetry Appreciation in College Entrance Examination" for details.)
Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. To express one's feelings directly means to express one's feelings directly, such as "the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river." But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. Indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenery to express emotion, expressing ambition (symbol), satirizing the present (allusion), reasoning with images (image contains truth) and many other techniques.
Descriptive techniques include "frontal", "real and imaginary", "dynamic and static" and "close and distant". For example, the description of Qin Luofu in Shang Mo Sang by Han Yuefu is "a bun on his head and a bright moon in his ear". Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he straightened his shoulders and smoothed his moustache. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and hung his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. Come to complain, but sit and watch Luo Fu. "The first four sentences are positive descriptions, describing the beauty of Luo Fu's clothes; The last eight sentences are a brief introduction, describing the people around you who are attracted by Luo Fu. The first three sentences of Wang Lushan Waterfall are written in real words. The fourth sentence, "Doubt is that the Milky Way will set nine days", using the Milky Way as a metaphor for Lushan Waterfall is a false writing. Common description techniques are: starting, combining the virtual with the real, interacting, etc.
Metaphor, allusions, comparison, metonymy, exaggeration, personification, rhetorical questions, parallelism and other rhetorical devices are common and easy to understand. For example, "Do you know, do you know? It should be green, fat and thin. " Use "green" and "red" to represent leaves and flowers respectively, and write down the prosperity of leaves and the decline of flowers.
4. Taste thoughts and feelings
Poetry expresses ambition, and poetry is based on emotion. To put it bluntly, the fundamental purpose of poetry is to express emotions. It's just that the author's writing images are different and his expression methods are different. Of course, the emotions expressed are different. Therefore, we require candidates to "know people and discuss the world" when appreciating classical poetry. Some poets express their feelings that their talents are lacking and their ambitions are hard to be rewarded. Some express homesickness and homesickness, and some express the thoughts of friendship and mutual understanding. If the proposer of college entrance examination asks Zhang Ji what he felt in Qiu Si, the images of "autumn wind" and "letters from home" remind people of homesickness. Yan's word "partridge sky" and the image of "cuckoo crow" express the author's feelings that he can't control his life, drifts around the world and has a difficult home. Mei's "East Stream" expresses the author's love for nature and his pursuit of "the savage sleeps on the shore and has leisure, and the old tree has flowers without ugly branches"
A quiet and leisurely taste.
Emotion is to poetry what blood is to human body and water is to flowers and plants, which is the life of poetry. To appreciate poetry, we should start with the image of poetry and carefully understand the feelings expressed by the poet in the poem. For example, Zhang Ji's a night-mooring near maple bridge: "On a frosty night, Jiang Feng caught fire and fell asleep. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " This is a landscape poem. On the surface, the poet writes about scenery, but in fact he has feelings. "Moonfall", "Raven" and "Frosty Sky" can be seen and heard in the distance; Fishing fire, fisherman's sleep, Hanshan Temple, bells and passenger ships are all visible and audible nearby. These scenes and sounds constitute a bleak and cold night scene in late autumn. Faced with this night scene, it will inevitably evoke the poet's lonely feelings of wandering abroad. Another example is Wang Anshi's Plum Blossom: "A few plums in a corner, hanling alone. I know from a distance that it is not snow, because it has a faint fragrance. " On the surface, poets praise things, but in fact they express their feelings. Wang Anshi has great political ambitions. When he was in Song Shenzong, he was appointed Prime Minister and actively promoted the new law. But it was opposed by the old school and isolated. Later, he was forced to leave his post and return to Jiangning, but he still did not yield to the decadent oppression. In this poem, he borrowed flowers from Yongmei to express his thoughts and character. Another example is Fan Zhongyan's Fisherman on the River: "People come and go on the river, but they love the beauty of perch. Look at a boat, you are in the wind and rain. " This is a realistic poem. Rivers come and go.
Some pedestrians only know that they like to eat delicious perch, but they don't know that fishermen take risks in fishing and their lives are in danger at any time. The author did not specify the meaning of the last two sentences, but let the "people on the river" see the dangers of fishing. Seeing the thrilling scene of the boat bumping in the big storm, being sent to the top of the wave for a while and falling into the bottom for a while, you will naturally understand the truth that "it is easy to eat fish, but difficult to fish". This poem reflects the hardships and dangers of fishermen's lives and the author's sympathy for fishermen.