1. What are the genres of ancient history books?
The genres of Chinese history books are rich.
The genres of early history books were divided into two types: narration of events and narration of words. According to legend, there are sayings that the left history records words and the right history records events. With the development of historiography, there are gradually more and more historical books that combine narratives and narratives, and the chronicle style, the biographical style, the legal system style, and the chronicle style have appeared.
The chronological style appeared earlier, probably during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan", "Bamboo Book Annals" and other books. Chronicle history books record historical events in order of year, month and day.
Because it takes time as its longitude and historical events as its latitude, it is easier to reflect the relationship between various historical events in the same period, which is its advantage. However, the chronology is not easy to reflect the connections before and after the same historical event, which is another shortcoming.
Chronicle history books record historical events, sometimes recounting past events, and sometimes incidentally describing subsequent events. They do not narrate absolutely in chronological order. This is the main genre of chronicle style history books. Flexibility in application, but also reflects the limitations of the chronology. The biographical history book was established by Sima Qian.
His "Historical Records" is a general history in the form of biographies. Later, Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote the "Book of Han", which is a chronological history in the form of biographies.
The "Twenty-Four Histories" are all written in biographical style. The outstanding feature of biographical history books is that they are centered on biographies, which are a further combination of words and events.
From the perspective of genre, biographies are a synthesis of the era, family, biographies, books or chronicles, tables and historical theories. This chronicle is basically a chronology, and also recounts the emperor's personal deeds.
Aristocratic families mainly record the history of princes and nobles. Biographies are biographies of representative figures in various fields.
Books or records are about laws and regulations and the history of various aspects of nature and society. Tables are used to express complex social situations and the many characters written in biographies.
Historical theory is a commentary on historical figures and historical events. Excellent biographical history books combine these genres to form a mutually reinforcing whole in one history book.
It is a mixture of various genres and has its own special specifications. The advantage of the biographical style is that it focuses on describing historical figures, which can reflect more of the activities of various figures in history. At the same time, because the scope of the description is relatively wide, it is easy to have an overview of the historical development situation of a period, which is beyond the reach of the chronicle style history books. .
The shortcoming of biographical history books is that it is difficult to clearly express the chronological sequence of historical development and the interconnection between various events and characters. In addition, the styles of history books include the classic style, chronicle style, and academic case style. 2. What are the basic classifications of literary genres
Literary genre refers to the form of expression of literary works, also known as literary style. It is one of the elements of the form of literary works and is shaped by images in different ways and languages. The external form of the work is presented by the organic combination of factors such as application and structural layout.
There are two basic classifications of literary genres, namely the "rule of thirds" and the "rule of fourths". The "rule of thirds" is to divide various literary works into three major categories based on different ways of shaping images, reflecting social life, and expressing thoughts and feelings, namely narrative, lyrical and drama.
This classification method originated in ancient Greece and has been popular in European and American countries for a long time. Narrative refers to works that create artistic images, reflect social life, and express the author's thoughts and feelings through the description of events.
Lyrical works refer to works that reflect social life through the author expressing certain thoughts and feelings. Drama refers to works that create artistic images and reflect social life through the words and actions of characters on stage.
The "Four-Dividing Rule" is to analyze and summarize various literary works based on basic characteristics such as image creation, language use, expression methods and structural systems, and divide them into poetry, prose, novels, Four categories of drama. 3. What are the literary genres in ancient China?
1. Parallel prose is also called "four or six characters". This style of writing, with alternating four-character and six-character sentences, originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, formed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and became popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The sentence structure is accommodating and the text is filled with words, which often affects the expression of the content. After Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty advocated the movement of ancient prose, parallel prose gradually declined.
There are also many famous works among them. The famous ones include "Books with Zhu Yuan" written by Wu Jun of the Southern Dynasty, "Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng" written by Tang Wangbo, and "Inscription on the Humble Room" written by Liu Yuxi.
2. Talk is a general term for a type of articles in ancient times. "Preface to the Differentiation of Styles of Articles": "The speaker is an interpreter, who explains the meaning and explains it in his own way."
Famous articles that appear in the textbook include "Ma Shuo" by Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, "Ma Shuo" by Liu Zongyuan "Snake Catcher's Theory", Song Dynasty Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus Theory", Qing Dynasty Yuan Mei's "Huang Sheng's Book Borrowing Theory". 3. Table: A type of memorial in ancient times. It states some opinions or things. It is one of the memorials submitted by ancient subjects to the emperor.
There is only one article that appears in the textbook, which is Zhuge Liang's "Execution List" by Zhuge Liang during the Three Kingdoms period.
In 277 AD, Zhuge Liang was preparing to attack Wei and seize the Central Plains. Before setting off, he wrote this memorial to his successor Liu Chan to express his loyalty to the Shu Han and his determination to support the Han Dynasty.
Famous sentences in the article include "I was appointed when the army was defeated, and I was ordered to be in danger" and so on. 4. Presentation preface: Ancient literati often used poems and prose as gifts when bidding farewell, and the collection of prefaces was called an increasing preface.
In the future, all articles written as partings and gifts are called increments. The content contains many words of praise, praise or encouragement.
What appears in the textbook is "Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" written by Song Lian, a writer of the Ming Dynasty. The article introduces Ma Sheng, a young man from his hometown, to his childhood study experience, and encourages Ma Sheng to cherish time and study hard.
5. Inscriptions In ancient times, the words engraved on objects to warn oneself or praise merits are called "inscriptions". The inscription placed on the right side of the desk to warn oneself is called "motto". The textbook includes "Inscription on a Humble Room" by Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty.
There are also "epitaphs" that are engraved on stone tablets to describe the life of the deceased and praise his virtues, such as Han Yu's "Epitaph of Liu Zihou" (not learned). 6. Miscellaneous notes include two categories: 1. A style of writing that records scenery, trivial matters, thoughts, etc.
Describe mountains, rivers, scenery, and personnel, such as "The Story of Little Rock Pond", "Travel Notes to the West Lake", "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring", etc. 2. Notes.
Mainly composed of narratives, it is characterized by its short length and length of about a thousand words. It is rich in content, including anecdotes of directors, anecdotes, literary essays, short essays on characters, scientific sketches, textual research, reading notes, etc. . Such as "Shishuo Xinyu" ("You are small, but you may not be good when you are big"), and "Mengxi Bi Tan" ("Treat insects with insects").
7. Travel notes are actually a type of miscellaneous notes. They are listed separately because they occupy a special position in miscellaneous notes: travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences, and the range of materials is extremely wide - - It can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the customs and customs of different regions, and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The writing style is relaxed, the language is vivid, and the description is relatively detailed, giving people rich social knowledge and beautiful feelings.
The famous articles selected in the text include "Three Gorges" by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty (strong scientific color), "Sishu with Zhu Yuan" by Liang Wujun in the Southern Dynasty (describing scenes and discussions), and "The Story of Xiaoshitan" by Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty. ” (depicting scenes and expressing emotions), "The Story of Yueyang Tower" by Fan Zhongyan in the Song Dynasty (describing scenes and discussing things), "Recording a Night Tour in Chengtian Temple" written by Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (describing scenes and expressing emotions), "The Story of the Drunkard Pavilion" written by Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty (describing scenes and discussing things) , lyrical). 8. Fable: A literary work that uses imaginary stories to illustrate a certain truth to achieve educational or satirical purposes.
"Yu" means "sustenance". Usually, profound truths are entrusted in simple stories, which are used to describe other things, the small to describe the big, and the ancient to describe the present. They are accustomed to using personification techniques, and the language is concise and sharp.
The fables selected in the text include "The Zheng Man Buys Shoes" in "Han Feizi", "Carving a Boat and Seeking a Sword" in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", and "The Snipe and the Clam Struggle" in "Warring States Policy". 9. Poetry The earliest literary genre that emerged in my country was poetry (the earliest collection of poems in my country was the Book of Songs), which later gradually evolved into three styles: poetry, lyrics, and music.
The main difference between poetry, lyrics, and music is that poetry requires rhythm and rhyme, while lyrics have stricter requirements than poetry. Ci is a style of poetry that is sung with music. Go is also a verse form of Hele singing, but the syntax is more flexible than the words.
The highest achievement of poetry was in the Tang Dynasty. In terms of expression form, there are four-character poems, such as "Guan Ju", "A Gentleman in Service", and "Jian Jia" in the "Book of Songs", and "Guan Cang Sea" by Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms; five-character poems such as "Send Off to Du Shaofu" by Wang Bo of the Tang Dynasty "Assigned to Shuzhou" (five verses), Du Fu's "Spring Night Happy Rain" (five verses), "Looking at the Mountains" (five verses), Li Bai's "Qiupu Song" (five unique verses), etc.; seven-character poems such as "Looking at Tianmen Mountain" by Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty " (Qijue), "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Longbiao had this message" (Qijue), the Chinese "Early Spring Cheng Shuibu Zhang Shiba Yuanwai" Qijue), Du Mu's "Red Cliff" (Qijue), Liu Yuxi's "Reward Lotte Yangzhou" "Seeing Gifts at the Banquet for the First Time" (qilu), Bai Juyi's "Spring Tour of Qiantang Lake" (qilu), Li He's "Yanmen Prefect's Journey" (qilu), Song Dynasty Lu You's "Visiting Shanxi Village" (qilu), "Ten "Wind and Rain on January 4th" (Qijue), etc.; miscellaneous poems such as "Farewell to Secretary Shu Yun at Xie Tiao Tower in Xuanzhou" by Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty, "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" by Du Fu, etc.
Wulu, Qilu, Wujue and Qijue are modern style poems, while the others are ancient style poems. Yuefu poetry refers to the music and songs collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is referred to as Yuefu (originally the name of the official office), and later became the name of the poetry style.
The texts selected are "Chile Song" and "Mulan Poetry". The heyday of Ci appeared in the Song Dynasty.
The texts selected are "When Will the Water Melody Singers Come and the Bright Moon" by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty, "Jiangchengzi Old Man Talks about the Crazy Teenage", Li Qingzhao's "Remember the Sunset in the West Pavilion" by Li Qingzhao, and Fan Zhongyan's "The fishermen are arrogant and the scenery is different when autumn comes" and so on. Qu was most popular in the Yuan Dynasty.
The texts selected are "Tian Jing Sha Autumn Thoughts" by Ma Zhiyuan and Zhang Yanghao's "Sheep on the Hillside: Tong Caring for the Ancients" by Ma Zhiyuan of the Yuan Dynasty.
4. Briefly describe the classification of literary styles in the past
1. Poetry The earliest literary genre that appeared in my country, originated from the labor cry of primitive people. It is a kind of literature with rhymes and songs.
Most ancient poems, such as "The Book of Songs", have five or seven words after the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, there were ancient styles and modern styles, and there were new poems during the May Fourth Movement.
In ancient my country, poems that were in harmony were called songs, and poems that were not in harmony were called poems. Whether it is a piece of music or not, it has a strong musical beauty.
Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the era; narrative poetry and lyric poetry according to the expression method; and pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, scientific poetry and poetry about objects according to the content. 1. Ancient style poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to poetry before the Tang Dynasty (mainly the Han and Wei dynasties) and works imitating poetry before the Tang Dynasty.
It is developed from folk songs. It does not seek confrontation or evenness, and uses rhyme freely. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the mid-Tang Dynasty used the Yuefu form to innovate their poems, which were called New Yuefu, which still fell within the scope of ancient poetry.
2. Modern poetry is a poetry style opposite to ancient poetry, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry". There are strict regulations on the number of sentences, words, level and rhyme. Divided into two categories: verses and quatrains.
3. Rhymed poetry is a form of modern poetry, divided into five rhymes and seven rhymes. It has certain specifications and requirements in terms of phonology, rhythm, sentence structure, and dialogue.
The whole poem has eight lines, which are divided into the first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet. 4. Quatrains are a form of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains. Each quatrain consists of four sentences and is generally considered to be the "half of a truncated poem".
5. Chu Ci is a style of poetry, named after the Chu region in the south during the Warring States Period. It is represented by Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", also known as "Sao style". Characteristics: It integrates a large number of mythological stories and is full of fantasy and romance; in addition to lyricism, it also uses the method of elaboration; the sentence structure is relatively prose style, and a large number of "xi" words are used.
6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced since China's "May 4th" movement. In form, it breaks the restrictions of the rhythm of old-style poetry and adopts a relatively free form and vernacular that is close to spoken language, making it easier to reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings.
New poems are required to be concise, rhyme, and generally neat. 7. Songxing style is a style of Yuefu folk songs.
Song is the general name. It is called "Yin", "qu", "yin", "sigh", "pian", "diao", etc., which are called "Yuefu song style". Strict distinction. Characteristics ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of the articles have no definite sentences or sentences, and they are mainly miscellaneous words. The language is mostly colloquial, popular and vivid; ② The rhyme is relatively free in terms of phonological rhythm, and there is no emphasis on oblique and antithetical expressions; ③ Expression techniques : In addition to bixing, he mostly uses parallelism and narrative twists and turns, and is good at dialogue and detailed description to depict characters and create images.
2. Fu is originally a literary expression technique and is one of the "Six Meanings" of "The Book of Songs". A specific system was formed in the Han Dynasty. It has become a style between poetry and prose that pays attention to presentation and pays attention to diction, parallelism and rhyme.
Those that are mainly about narrative are called "Da Fu", those that are mainly lyrical are called "Small Fu", and those that are close to prose are called "Wen Fu". It is different from the "Fu" in today's prose titles. It is no longer an elaborative word, but means "praise" or "eulogy".
The ancients collectively called "ci" and "fu" because they both have flexible shapes and no limit on length. The sentences are mainly four or six characters, and they are allowed to be scattered; from a style point of view, They all pay attention to literary talent and use extravagant techniques. The difference between the two is: "Ci" often uses "xi" in the middle or at the end of the sentence to adjust the syllables, while "Fu" uses more prose sentences, and even the entire rhyme is mixed with prose sentences that do not rhyme at all.
3. Parallel prose is a kind of verse that is mainly composed of double sentences (ie, couplets and even sentences), pays attention to antithesis and rhythm, and is opposite to prose. The biggest feature is that the whole text is composed of dual sentences, forming upper and lower couplets with an equal number of words. The syntactic structure is symmetrical, and the parts of speech and word meanings match each other.
The couplets are usually composed of four or six characters, alternating with each other (four or six characters), such as "Tengjiao raises phoenix, Meng Xueshi's ci sect; Purple lightning and green frost, General Wang's arsenal" . It started in the late Han Dynasty, formed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and became popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
This style was still practiced in the early Tang Dynasty. It was only after the rise of Han and Liu that this style of writing declined. Compared with the ancient prose advocated by Han and Liu, ancient prose emphasizes "momentum" and parallel prose emphasizes "charm"; ancient prose emphasizes smoothness, while parallel prose emphasizes implicitness; ancient prose emphasizes simplicity, while parallel prose emphasizes elegance.
4. Ci: A new poetry style in ancient times that was suitable for Hele singing (i.e. "lying on the sound of lyrics"). It is also called "quci", "long and short sentences", "yuefu", etc.
Each word has a tune name (qupai) that represents the music. It stipulates the music of the word that can be sung, and also specifies the number of words, sentences, and rhymes of the "word" as lyrics. , rhyme, etc. Most of them are divided into pieces (sections), and "piece" is also called "pass" or "que", which means that the music has been sung once.
The word summarizes the length of the musical tune, which is divided into small tune, middle tune and long tune (slow word). Ci had already taken shape as early as the Liang Dynasty, took shape in the late Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Song Dynasty.
5. Novel is a major style of literary works.
By describing complete storylines and specific environments, a variety of characters are created to reflect social life extensively and in many aspects.
Chinese novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and have experienced the development process of the Six Dynasties Legends, Tang Dynasty legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming and Qing chapter novels and "May Fourth" modern novels. According to the length of the story, it can be divided into novels, medium-length novels and short stories; according to the content, it can be divided into social novels, mythological novels, historical novels, scientific novels and detective novels.
1. Strange novels refer to an old novel about ghosts and gods written in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties of my country. Originated from ancient myths and legends.
Such as "Sou Shen Ji". 2. Anecdotal novels are a kind of novels that describe the wild rumors and anecdotes of intellectuals who advocate light conversation since the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3. Legendary novels are classical novels with strange and magical plots. Generally refers to classical Chinese short stories written by people in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
It is a treasure trove of themes for novels and drama writers of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Its origin comes from the "spirits and monsters" of the Six Dynasties.
4. Huaben novels refer to the scripts used by talking artists in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Use popular language to record the contents of novels and history lectures for your own memorization or for teaching to others.
Later it became a style of novel, that is, Huaben novel. It marks the maturity of our country's classical novels.
(Simultaneous novels) 5. Chapter novels are a style of long novels in ancient my country. It is a chapter-narrated novel developed on the basis of history telling and story telling.
It is characterized by paragraphs that summarize the development of the storyline and conflicts, divided into several chapters, and often use couplets. 5. Introduction to literary genres
Literary genres refer to the categories of literary works.
It is divided into poetry, novels, prose and drama. The prose mentioned here refers to a literary genre alongside poetry, novels, and dramas, not an ancient style of prose.
According to different ways of expression, prose can be divided into narrative prose, lyrical prose, and argumentative prose. The focus of the prose is "the body is scattered but the spirit is not scattered".
"Xingsan" means that prose can be freely drawn from materials, not limited by time and space, and can be expressed in various ways. "The spirit is not scattered" means that the theme of the prose must be clearly focused.
A novel literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete storylines and environmental descriptions. Characters, plot, and environment are the three elements of a novel.
Creating characters is the main means by which novels reflect social life. Common methods of shaping character images include portrait description, psychological description, action description, language description, environmental description, frontal description and profile description.
The plot of a novel plays a role in displaying the character of the characters and expressing the theme of the work. It generally includes four parts: beginning, development, climax, and ending. Some also include a prologue and an epilogue. Environment includes social environment and natural environment.
The social environment mainly describes the historical background of the work; the natural environment mainly includes the time, place, and scenery of the characters' activities, which are used to enhance the atmosphere and express the characters' emotions. Drama refers to the general term for stage performance art that achieves narrative purposes through language, movement, dance, music, puppets and other forms.
The concept of drama in literature refers to the script created for dramatic performance, that is, the script. There are many forms of drama performances, including drama, opera, dance drama, musical, puppet show, etc.
Poetry is a literary genre that focuses on emotion. It reflects social life in a lyrical, highly concise and concentrated way, using rich imagination, rhythmic and rhythmic language and the form of line arrangement. Express thoughts and emotions. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form. It is also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world.
Poetry originated from ancient social life and is a rhythmic and emotional language form resulting from labor production, sexual love, primitive religion, etc. "Book of Shang. Yushu": "Poems express ambitions, songs express words, the sound lasts forever, and the rhythm is harmonious."
"Book of Rites. Yue Ji": "Poems express ambitions; songs express chants The sound is the sound; the dance is the movement of the face; the three are based on the heart, and then the musical instruments follow it. "In the early days, poetry, song, music, and dance were integrated.
Poems are lyrics, and they are always sung in conjunction with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music, and dance developed independently and became independent. Poems and songs are collectively referred to as poetry. 6. Classification of literary genres
Literary genres refer to the categories of literary works.
It is divided into four categories: prose, novels, poetry and drama. 1. Prose Prose generally refers to those literary styles that focus on directly expressing the author's feelings about life and focusing on subjective expression without paying attention to parallel rhymes.
According to traditional saying, prose is a prose article that is different from verse and parallel prose. It can also be said that, except for poems, lyrics, songs, and poems, all articles without rhyme or rhythm, such as characters, Biography, memoirs, travel notes, fables, myths and lyrical narratives can all be included in the category of prose. This is prose in a broad sense.
Prose in a narrow sense refers specifically to short and concise articles that describe narratives, people, objects, and scenes written in concise, beautiful, and vivid literary language.
2. Novel Novel is a literary genre that focuses on shaping the image of characters and displays the characters' thoughts, emotions and personality traits through complete storylines and specific environmental descriptions, thereby broadly and profoundly reflecting social life.
According to the length, novels are divided into novels, short stories, novellas and mini-novels (or "little novels"); according to different contents, novels can be divided into romance novels, historical novels, and science fiction novels , martial arts novels, condemnation novels, psychological novels, etc.; according to the style and format, they can be divided into epistolary novels, diary novels, chapter novels, series novels, etc. Plot, characters and environment are the three elements of a novel.
3. Poetry, one of the earliest literary genres in my country, originated from the labor cry of primitive people. It is a kind of literature with rhymes and songs. Ancient poems mostly have four characters, such as the Book of Songs, and after the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, they have five or seven characters.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were ancient styles and modern styles, and there were new poems during the May Fourth Movement. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the era; it is divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry according to the expression method; it is divided into four categories according to the content: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, scientific poetry and poetry about objects; according to the form, it is divided into metrical poetry, free verse and prose. Poems; divided into folk songs and literati works according to their sources.
4. Drama Drama is a comprehensive stage art that uses literature, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions, and reflect social life. In China, drama is the general term for opera, drama, and opera.
Also often refers specifically to drama. In the West, it refers to drama.
According to structure and capacity, there are multi-act plays, one-act plays, serials, etc.; According to themes, there are modern dramas, historical dramas, mythological dramas, etc.; According to performance forms, there are operas, dramas, operas, and dance dramas , pantomime, etc.; according to the nature of the conflict reflected and the infectious effect, there are tragedies, comedies, dramas, etc.
Extended information: Classification of ancient literary genres: 1. Fu is a literary style in ancient my country. It emphasizes literary grace and rhythm, and has the characteristics of poetry and prose.
Its characteristics are "the use of literary works and the use of objects to write down stories". Focus on describing scenes and expressing emotions through scenes.
It first appeared in the prose of various scholars and was called "Short Fu"; the "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan was the transition from poetry to Fu, and was called "Sao Fu"; the style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty , became "ci fu"; after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it increasingly developed in the direction of parallel prose, called "parallel fu"; in the Tang Dynasty, it shifted from parallel style to rhyme style, called "lv fu"; in the song dynasty, fu was written in prose form, which became "wen fu" . 2. Parallel prose This style of writing originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, formed during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and became popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
It is composed of four characters and six sentences, which is known as "four or six articles" in the world. Parallel prose adapts to sentence patterns and piles up rhetoric, which often affects the expression of content. After Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan promoted the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined.
3. Commentary is a general term for a type of articles in ancient times. It is not much different from "Theory".
Therefore, reasoning and analysis essays were later collectively referred to as argumentative essays. Such as "Young China Theory", "Horse Theory", "Huang Sheng's Theory of Borrowing Books", "Teacher's Theory" and "Snake Catcher's Theory".
4. Memorials are the collective name for memorials submitted by ancient subjects to the emperor. It includes memorials, discussions, comments, tables, countermeasures, etc.
5. Sparse means to state in sections. 6. Expression is to state some opinion or thing.
Such as Zhuge Liang's "The Master's Guide". 7. Countermeasures: In ancient examinations, questions were written on the countermeasures, and those who took the exam were asked to answer the questions, which were called countermeasures. The articles the candidates answered were called countermeasures.
Such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies". 8. Preface and Postscript The preface is also used as "narration" and "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface".
It is an article explaining the purpose of writing or publishing a book, the arrangement of the book, and the author's situation. It may also include reviews of the writer's works and research and elucidation of related issues.
"Preface" is usually written at the front of a book or article (sometimes written at the back), and what is written at the end of the book is called "Postscript" or "Postscript". This type of article belongs to expository or argumentative essays according to different contents. Those that explain the purpose of writing, the style and content of the introduction are expository essays, and those that comment on the author's works or elucidate issues are argumentative essays.
"Self-preface to "Scream"", "Post-preface to the guide" and "Preface to the biography of Lingguan" 9. Gift preface. Style name. In ancient times, each farewell was accompanied by poetry.
Writing a preface for a collection is called a gift preface. The content contains many words of praise, praise or encouragement.
"Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" 10. Inscriptions In ancient times, the words carved on objects to warn oneself or describe merits are called "inscriptions". The inscription engraved on the card and placed on the right side of the desk as a warning is called "motto".
For example, Yu Xi’s "Inscription on the Humble Room". What is engraved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and to praise and remember him is called an "epitaph".
For example, Han Yu's "Epitaph of Liu Zihou". 11. Sacrifice articles are articles recited when offering sacrifices to the deceased or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers.
There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to recall the main experiences of the deceased, praise his character and achievements, express grief and inspire the living.
Such as Yuan Mei's "Essay on Sacrificing Sisters". 12. Miscellaneous notes include: miscellaneous notes on mountains, rivers, scenery, and personnel.
Describe mountains, rivers, scenery and personnel, such as "The Story of Xiaoshitan" and "The Story of Climbing Mount Tai". Notes.
Mainly chronicles, it is characterized by its short length and length of about a thousand words; it is rich in content, including historical anecdotes, relics, literary essays, short essays on characters, scientific novels, textual research, and reading There are many kinds of miscellaneous notes. "Shishuo Xinyu" and "Mengxi Bi Tan" are this kind of literary styles.
13. Travel Notes Travel notes are a form of prose describing travel experiences. Some of the travel notes are argumentative, such as "Yueyang Tower" and "Travel to Baochan Mountain"; some are scientific, such as Li Daoyuan's "Three Gorges"; some are lyrical, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Little Stone Pool" remember".
14. Legend is one of the novel genres. It is named because of its strange and magical plot.
Generally used to refer to people in the Tang and Song Dynasties who used classical Chinese. 7. Classification of literary genres
Personal analysis is as follows:
1. The most popular and widely accepted classification of literary genres is divided into four categories: "poetry, novels, prose, and drama".
2. The ideological theme is the basic point of view expressed by the author through the entire content of the article or work when explaining a problem, expressing an opinion, or reflecting a social life phenomenon. It is a certain aspect of social life or phenomenon.
Ideological content is the classification of themes or ideological themes in works (portfolios).
The ideological significance refers to the reference value and reference significance of a work to future generations, and more to the subjective understanding of it by future generations.
3. In a narrow sense, the meaning of theme and central idea are relatively close, and "theme" is a more literary written language.
The "style" of an article refers to the creation and expression methods adopted by the work to better reflect the theme or central idea, such as realism style and romantic style.
4. The status of literary history is a kind of positioning and evaluation by later generations of predecessors and their works, which is more subjective. Therefore, in different eras, the status of the same author's works may be very different.
Literary achievement is an affirmation of the creative ability of predecessors. From this point of view, as long as a writer's works contain undifferentiated human labor and are passed down, his literary achievement can be achieved Approval, so the objectivity of this word is stronger.
5. The genre of "One Thousand and One Nights" is: *** A collection of folk tales from the region (we usually do not use the "four categories" classification of "poetry, novels, prose, and drama" to forcefully classify it).