2. Prose: Prose is a free and flexible style to express what you see and feel; Prose is divided into narrative prose and lyric prose; The methods to reveal the center of prose are to express one's ambition by supporting objects, to express one's feelings by borrowing scenery and so on. Prose clue: There is often a clue to string the materials into an organic whole. We can take people, things, feelings, scenery, time and place as clues.
3. Poetry:
Classification of poetry: from the way of expression, it can be divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry; From the genre of poetry, it can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and new poetry. Ancient poems can be divided into modern poems and ancient poems (ancient style), and modern poems can be divided into metrical poems (metrical poems [five-character metrical poems, seven-character metrical poems], quatrains [five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains]), words and songs; New poems include free poems (vernacular poems produced since the May 4th Movement), prose poems (lyric poems expressed in prose) and folk songs (poems circulated by the people and created collectively).
4. Drama: It is a comprehensive stage art, integrating literature, performance, sculpture, music and dance to form an independent artistic style.
Classification of drama: drama, poetic drama, opera, ballet and opera according to their forms of expression; According to the nature of content, it is divided into tragedy, comedy and drama (tragicomedy); According to the aspects involved in the theme, it is divided into modern drama, historical drama, divine drama, scientific fantasy drama, children's drama and children's drama; According to the length, it is divided into whole drama and one-act drama.
Dramatic literature is the script, which is the basis of stage performance and the main component of drama. Scripts usually include two parts: one is the playwright's stage tips, the other is the characters' own lines; The plot of the script can be divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending; Some long plays have a preface before the first act and an ending after the end.
5. Organize literature common sense:
First, ancient books and works:
(1), Four Books and Five Classics: Four Books are>,< University >>,< Average >,< Mencius > > The Five Classics are> and<& lt The Book of History; , < < The Book of Rites >; & lt& lt The Book of Changes; ,<& lt Spring and Autumn >>.
(2) Integration of Philosophers >:>: Former editor-in-chief of Sinology. This book collects 28 representative works of Confucianism, Taoism, Yin, Yang, France, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Za, Agriculture, Novelists and Schools from the pre-Qin to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(3)<> It is China's first poetry collection, which contains 305 works from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. & lt& lt> is usually called & gt or>. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism regarded it as a classic and called it>* * *, which was divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. Wind, also called National Wind * *160, is mostly folk songs all over the country. This is the essence of>, such as> and<& lt Storytelling; . Elegance is rated as><& lt Xiaoya & gt, * * * 105 articles, most of which are the works of royal literati in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are also a few folk songs, most of which describe the history of the Zhou Dynasty and praise it. There are ***40 "Odes", most of which are poems dedicated to ancestors.
(4), < < Zuo Zhuan >; It is the first chronological history book with detailed and complete narration in China, formerly known as>, also known as>, which was handed down by Zuo Qiuming, a historian in Shandong Province. & lt& lt Zuo Zhuan >; It has high literary value and great influence on later generations. It not only sets a brilliant example in the writing of historical works, but also provides rich materials for the narrative and discussion of prose and the themes of novels and plays.
(5),<& lt Putonghua >>: The earliest national history book in China, 2 1 volume. It was written by Zuo Qiuming. And> The obvious difference is that & gt Only by respecting different countries can you remember words and see victory; & lt& lt Zuo Zhuan >; It was written chronologically, longer than it was remembered.
(6), < < The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi >; The works that record anecdotes about Yan Ying's words and deeds in Qi have a certain degree of true reflection on the extravagance and corruption of the rulers at that time, the hunger and cold of the working people, and the intrigue between countries, and the articles have a strong literary color.
(7) China's first romantic poetry collection. The form of poetry is formed on the basis of Chu folk songs.
(8),<>: refers to>,<& lt biography of the ram >>,< Gu Liangchuan >>.
(9)、& lt& lt； Also known as>, it is the masterpiece of pre-Qin sages, edited by Lv Buwei.
(10), < < Shan Hai Jing >; China's ancient geographical masterpieces are mainly based on the geographical knowledge in ancient folklore, including mountains and rivers, specialties, medicine, sacrifices and witch doctors. It is of reference value to the study of ancient history, geography, culture, nationalities and myths. Among them, a large number of ancient myths and legends are preserved, such as the famous stories of "Huangdi Fighting against Chiyou", "Dayu Harnessing Water", "Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea" and "Kuafu Chasing the Sun", which are precious materials for later writers.
(1 1), < < Warring States Policy >>: A national history book compiled by Liu Xiangtong at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, with 33 articles. It marks the development of China's ancient historical prose to a new height, and has a great influence on the creation of later prose and ci-fu.
(12),<& lt>, one of the classic Confucian works, was compiled by Confucius' disciples, mainly describing the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. The book focuses on memorizing words, which is a bibliography work.
(13) and<& lt liezi >> are said to have been written by Li Yukou, a native of A Zheng in the Warring States Period, and some excellent fables and myths and legends in the pre-Qin period are preserved in the book.
(14) Yuefu poetry anthology: The title of Poetry Anthology, edited by Guo Song Mao Qian, is a collection of Yuefu songs from Han Wei to Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as ballads from pre-Qin to the end of Tang Dynasty. Yuefu was originally a music organ set up by the government at that time, specializing in making music movements and collecting and sorting out songs of folk music from all over the country. These movements and songs were later called "Yuefu Poems" and became a new poetic style after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
(15), Twenty-four History: refers to the twenty-four history books from Historical Records to Ming History. The Four Histories are the first four of the twenty-four histories, namely, Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu and The History of the Three Kingdoms.
(16), Historical Records: Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty, the first biography of China, 130, divided into eight books, ten tables, twelve biographies, thirty biographies and seventy biographies, is a monument in the history of ancient Chinese literature and a swan song of historians.
(17) Hanshu: Written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is the first biographical chronology in China.
(18) The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: It was written by Ye Fan in the Southern Dynasties, and it belongs to the biographical dynastic history.
(19) The History of the Three Kingdoms: Written by Chen Shou in the Western Jin Dynasty is a biographical history of different countries.
(20) Shi Shuo Xin Yu: A Collection of Novels, written by Liu Yiqing in the Southern Dynasties. This is a note novel that records anecdotes of characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Originally named Shi Shuo, it was called Shi Shuo Shu Xin in Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on later literature. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes of poems, novels and plays, and some have become common idioms, such as "looking at plums to quench thirst" and "speaking out in words".
(2 1), Sou Shen Ji: Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio written by Dong Jin literary diganbao. Most of the stories are the difference between gods and demons, and some folklore is preserved, which represents the highest achievement of novels in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(22) Meng Qian Bi Tan: It is a comprehensive academic monograph written by Shen Kuo, a scientist and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. The book covers natural science, humanities, politics, military affairs, law, literature, art and so on. Many creative ideas were in the leading position in the world at that time, and they were the coordinates in the history of science in China.
(23)' Zi Tongzhi Jian': Song Sima Guang presided over the compilation of China's largest chronological general history, which integrated the dynastic achievements of biographies of various dynasties.
(24) Romance of the Three Kingdoms: China's earliest historical novel, full name "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", written by Luo Guanzhong in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It is China's first historical novel, and its outstanding artistic achievement is the description of the war.
(25) Outlaws of the Marsh: China's famous vernacular novel describing the peasant revolutionary struggle in ancient times, also known as "Outlaws of the Marsh of Loyalty", is said to have been written by Shi Naian in the early Ming Dynasty. Taking the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty as the theme, the book clearly put forward the struggle program of "upholding justice for heaven", shaped the heroic image of 108 Liangshan heroes, revealed the objective truth of "officials forcing the people to rebel" in feudal society, and truly described the historical tragedy that the peasant revolution in feudal society was bound to fail.
(26) The Journey to the West: A famous romantic novel in ancient China, written by Wu Mingcheng. Book * * * one hundred times, based on the story of the Tang Priest. It depicts the image of the Monkey King, showing his fighting spirit of contempt for authority, fear of violence, and doing away with evil. It can be said that the whole book is the history of the Monkey King's fight, and the most exciting part of the novel is "making havoc in heaven".
(27) Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: The collection of short stories in classical Chinese with the highest achievement in the history of ancient literature in China, written by Pu Songling in Qing Dynasty, 49 1 volume * * *. Most of his stories are folktales and anecdotes of unofficial history, and the contents are mostly foxes, demons and flower demons, so as to expose the dark social reality at that time.
(28) The Scholars is an excellent satire novel in ancient China, written by Wu in Qing Dynasty. The main content is to criticize various types of feudal literati's views on fame and fortune, focusing on attacking the imperial examination system, depicting the ugliness of scholars and exposing the darkness and decay of feudal society. In art, satire surpasses any previous works.
(29) A Dream of Red Mansions, also known as the Story of the Stone, is China's greatest novel, with 120 chapters, the first 80 chapters written by Cao Xueqin and the last 40 chapters written by Gao E. Focusing on the love tragedy of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu, the book reveals the debauchery and corruption of feudal families and the fate of the feudal system on the verge of collapse and inevitable demise through the narrative of the rise and fall of Jia Fu.
B, writers and works say:
Qu Song: Chu poets Qu Yuan and Song Yu in the Warring States Period.
Second Sima: refers to China lyricist Sima Xiangru and historian and essayist Sima Qian. Both of them are very influential in the history of literature, and later generations are known as "writing two Sima in the Western Han Dynasty".
Ban Ma: Also known as Ban Ma, Han Dynasty historians Sima Qian and Ban Gu.
Ban Zhang: It refers to Ban Gu and Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, both of whom are good at ci and fu. Ban Gu has "DuDu Fu" and Zhang Heng has "DuDu Fu".
Three Caos: refers to Cao Cao and his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi in the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Xie Tao: refers to the poets Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun at the end of Jin Dynasty.
Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, are all famous for their ci. They are called Wang Luo in China and are called four outstanding writers.
Wang Meng: The names of Tang Dynasty poets Wang Wei and Meng Haoran.
Gao Cen: The names of Tang poets Gao Shi and Cen Can.
Du Li: It refers to Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty were called Little Du Li by later generations.
Liu Han: The names of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, essayists in the Tang Dynasty.
Han Meng: Tang writers Han Yu and Meng Jiao.
Bai Yuan: refers to the poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty.
Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.
Su San: refers to Su Xun, a writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe. Su Xun is called Lao Su, Su Shi is called Da Su, and Su Zhe is called.
Su Huang refers to Su Shi and Huang Tingjian in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Su Xin refers to Su Shi and Xin Qiji, writers of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Liu Zhou: The names of Zhou Bangyan and Liu Yong, poets of the Song Dynasty.
Four Great Poets in Southern Song Dynasty: Yang Wanli, You Mao, Fan Chengda and Lu You.
The four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu.
Four contemporary essayists: Yang Shuo, Qin Mu, Wei Wei and Liu.
There are three major short story writers in Europe and America: French, Russian Chekhov and American Ou. Henry.
Sao: The Book of Songs and Songs of the South are both called. The national style in The Book of Songs and Li Sao in The Songs of Chu are both ancient works, which have great influence on later literature, so they are often combined with coquettish. Later, "coquettish" directly refers to The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
"Yuefu Shuangbi" refers to the best folk narrative poems in ancient China, Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Ci.
Sanyan and Erpai: "Sanyan" refers to a collection of famous sayings by Feng Menglong, Yu's famous sayings, famous sayings and famous sayings in Ming Dynasty. "Erpai" refers to the two collections of short stories "Surprise at the First Moment" and "Surprise at the Second Moment" compiled by the Ming Dynasty novelist Ling Mengchu.
Three Officials and Three Farewells: Six Poems by Du Fu in Tang Dynasty. Three officials refer to Shi Haoguan, Tongguan and Xin 'an officials, and the other three refer to newly married, resigned and homeless.
Trilogy originated in ancient Greece and refers to three tragedies with coherent plots, also known as trilogy. Now it refers to three independent and interrelated works, Gorky's autobiography trilogy: Childhood, On Earth and My University, Ba Jin's torrent trilogy Home and Spring and Autumn, and Mao Dun's rural trilogy Autumn Harvest.
China's novels Four Great Classical Novels: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, The Water Margin by Shi Naian, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions by Wu Cheng'en and Cao Xueqin.
China's four major condemnation novels in modern times: Wu's Strange Situation Seen in Twenty Years, Li's The Appearance of Officialdom, Liu E's Travel Notes of Lao Can and Flowers of Evil.
Four tragedies of Yuan Zaju: Dou Eyuan by Guan Hanqing, Autumn in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan, Wu Tongyu by Bai Pu and The Orphan of Zhao by Ji.
Four love dramas of Yuan Zaju: The Moon Pavilion by Guan Hanqing, The Romance of the West Chamber by Wang Shifu, The Wall Knocks Everyone Off, by Bai Pu and Away from the Soul by Zheng Guangzu.
Shakespeare's four great love plays: King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth.
C, books first:
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems.
The Art of War is China's first military work.
Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China.
Zuo Zhuan is China's first detailed chronicle work.
Historical Records is China's first biographical general history.
Peacock Flying Southeast is China's first narrative poem.
Hanshu is the first chronological history book in China.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu is China's first collection of note novels.
Shuowen Jiezi is the first dictionary in China.
Erya is the first dictionary in China.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first chapter-by-chapter historical novel.
The Water Margin is China's first vernacular novel describing the peasant war.
Diary of a Madman is the first anti-feudal vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China.
Goddess is the first new collection of poems in the history of modern literature in China.
D. works by foreign writers:
Shakespeare: the most outstanding dramatist and poet in the European Renaissance. Marx praised him as "the greatest drama genius of mankind", and his main achievement was drama. Representative works include Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, etc.
Byron: an active English romantic poet, whose important works include the long poem Childe? Haller's Travels, Oriental Narrative Poems and the representative satirical poetic novel Tang? Juan.
Shelley, an active romantic poet in England. Representative works include Prometheus Liberated, short lyric ode to the west wind and Ode to a Lark.
Dickens:/kloc-an outstanding representative of British criticism in the 0 th and 9 th centuries. "David? Copperfield is his masterpiece, and his works include Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities.
Defoe: English novelist. His works include Robinson Crusoe and Captain singleton. Robinson Crusoe is the first realistic novel in Britain, which has played a great role in the development of English novels. Defoe is known as "the father of English and European novels".
Charlotte. Bronte: English writer, whose masterpiece Jane? Love.
Bernard Shaw, an outstanding Irish comedian, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 19 15. His representative works include Mrs. Warren's Occupation and The Demon's Disciple.
Voynich: Irish woman writer whose masterpiece is The Gadfly.
Moliere: The founder of French classical comedy, who wrote 37 comedies in his life, is one of the most accomplished playwrights in the world. "Don? Juan, hypocrite and miser are the best comedies in the world.
Balzac:/kloc-an outstanding representative of French critical realism literature in the 0/9th century, his masterpiece "Human Comedy".
Hugo:/kloc-the leading figure and representative writer of French romantic literature movement in the 0/9th century. His most famous works include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
Dude:/kloc-a French realist writer in the second half of the 9th century. The masterpiece is Little Things, and the short stories "The Last Lesson" and "Around Berlin", which enjoy the reputation of deep patriotism and exquisite artistic skills, have become the masterpieces of short stories in the world.
Mo Bosang: A famous French novelist, whose works include the short stories Suicide Ball, Necklace, My Uncle Yule and so on. His novels are represented by Life and Beauty.
Roman? Roland: French writer whose works include The Struggle between Love and Death. The masterpiece with the highest achievement is John? Christopher won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 19 15.
Stendhal: Originally named Henry? The masterpiece of French critical realist writer Bell is Red and Black.
Dumas: A famous French writer, his masterpiece The Count of Monte Cristo.
Dumas: A famous French writer, his masterpiece La Traviata.
Zola:/kloc-a famous French writer in the second half of the 9th century. He is the founder of naturalism, and his masterpieces include Little Wine Glass, Germination, Money and so on. Germination successfully shaped the image of the revolutionary proletariat.
Pushkin: Russia's outstanding national poet, known as the "father of Russian literature". His representative works include The Captain's Daughter and Eugene? Onegin.
Nikolai Gogol:/kloc-The best Russian satirist in the first half of the 9th century, the founder of critical realism literature. The comedy "An Imperial Envoy" and the novel "Dead Soul" marked the peak of his creation.
Turgenev: Russian writers, such as The Night Before, Father and Son, Hunter's Notes, etc.
Chernyshevski: Russian revolutionary democrat and materialist, who is the representative of the famous novel What to Do? Lenin called him "the only truly great Russian writer".
Lev. Tolstoy:/kloc-A great Russian critical realist writer in the second half of the 9th century. His masterpieces include War and Peace and Anna? Karenina and resurrection, etc.
Chekhov: Russia's outstanding critical realism writer, world-famous short story master and playwright in the late 19th century. His representative works include the short story The Man in the Trap, The Chameleon, Sorrow, Wanka, and the script Uncle Vanya. In the history of Russian literature, he was the first person to reach the peak of world literature with short stories as the main creative genre.
Gorky: a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet socialist literature. Childhood, Earth, My University and Mother are his representative works.
Nicholas? Ostrovsky: Soviet writer, with works such as How Steel was Tempered and The Birth of the Storm.
Goethe: a great German poet and thinker, a representative of the highest achievements in German literature and one of the most important writers in the history of world literature. "Gotz? Berliner, the poem Prometheus and the epistolary novel young werther made him famous all over the world. Faust, the masterpiece, is an immortal masterpiece, which is regarded as the highest artistic achievement of1the end of the 8th century1the beginning of the 9th century in Germany.
Heine:/kloc-an outstanding revolutionary democratic poet and political critic in Germany in the 0 th and 9 th centuries. The long poem Germany ―― A Fairy Tale in Winter is his masterpiece. Silesia Textile Worker is his famous political poem, which for the first time created the image of a bourgeois grave digger who consciously buried the old system.
Mark? Twain: an outstanding American humorist and satirist. Huckleberry? The Adventures of Finn is his masterpiece.
Hemingway: One of the most influential American writers in the 20th century,/kloc-0 won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. His works include A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea.
Dante: the great subject of Italian Renaissance. The masterpiece The Divine Comedy is an immortal masterpiece.
Cervantes: An outstanding realistic novelist in Spain during the Renaissance, whose masterpiece is Don Quixote. His achievement lies in shaping Don Quixote, a literary model of subjectivism divorced from reality. It is the peak of Spanish classical art and a milestone in the history of European literature.
Andersen: Danish fairy tale writer. He wrote 160 fairy tales in his life. He is one of the most outstanding fairy tale writers in the world. His representative works include The Emperor's New Clothes, The Nightingale, The Ugly Duckling, The Little Match Girl, Shadow, The Old House and Gotz? "Burleigh Hinggan" and so on.