There is no doubt that the new productive forces and production relations in the European Middle Ages made the contradiction between the feudal landlord class and the serfs the main contradiction in society. The opposition between the cultural form of the feudal landlord class and the cultural form of the peasant class was the decisive factor in the nature of new culture and literature in medieval Europe. But we must also realize that European medieval literature is the product of the integration of various European civilizations and cultures. This integration is first reflected in the integration of the respective cultures of many barbarian tribes. According to historical records, barbarian tribes were formed in the north of the Roman Empire very early, among which the Celts, Germans and Slavs were the largest. Their respective living conditions and customs actually form different cultural groups. For example, regarding the living conditions, social systems and unique cultural characteristics of the ancient Germans, there are rich records in "Germania" written by Caesar at the end of the 1st century BC. From this, we can see that the Germans had high cultural standards. materials from other tribes. Then, from the end of the 1st century AD to the 3rd century AD, the Germanic tribes began to form different alliances, such as the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Lombards, etc. This fusion of ancient barbarian cultures actually gave birth to the formation of a holistic European culture. The artistic characteristics of European medieval literature are mainly reflected in the following: First, due to the blending of various cultures of different natures, various themes such as ancient, contemporary, Eastern, Western, religious, and secular have entered literature The field of artistic creation has greatly expanded the scope of description and reflection of medieval European literature. From it, people can not only see the life of the early barbarians and the transition period to feudal society, but also the life during the development and consolidation period of feudal society; not only can they understand the customs and habits of the people of the main strata of European society in the Middle Ages, but also feel the influence of various aspects. This is a unique social reality in Europe after cultural integration. Second, in this specific historical background and cultural atmosphere, the art form of European medieval literature has made great progress. Compared with the ancient Greek and Roman times, the art form is more mature. Medieval European literature was mainly poetry, including epics, long narrative poems, lyric poems and ballads. In various poetry styles, formal factors influence and blend with each other, making the poetry form more elegant and complete. In narrative works, the art form begins to transform from "complexity" to "simplification". The depiction of fragments of life and the simple concentration of plot clues increasingly make the structural layout and use of techniques in the works more and more conscious. Third, due to the influence of various cultures, there has been further development in artistic expression techniques. Allegory, symbolism, fantasy, philosophy, realistic description, romantic lyricism and even the use of animal stories are all popular at the moment, and there are many successful works written using various artistic techniques. This fully reflects the ability of medieval European writers to absorb ancient times, various ethnic groups, and various heterogeneous literary and artistic forms. It also illustrates the reality that people's artistic thinking at that time developed and gradually became more complex. Fourth, the ability to grasp the emotional characteristics of literature is further improved. The exploration of people's inner emotions was an important feature of the love-themed works that appeared at that time. In this type of works, complex psychological activities such as people's desires, passions, joys, anger, sorrows and joys are initially successfully depicted, thus revealing a corner of the curtain of people's inner world. This was a major development in medieval European art. Compared with the creations of the ancient Greek tragedy Euripides and the ancient Roman writer Ovid, the use of literary and artistic forms to express human emotions became more conscious and intensified at this time. .