/LS_Jin/NanChaoIndex.html
/LS_Jin/MenFaIndex.html
/LS _ Jin/mishilindex . html
1
Cao Wei was one of the Three Kingdoms Period, which began in 220 when Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty, and was finally replaced by Sima family in 265 to establish the Western Jin Dynasty.
Cao Cao, the father of Xelloss, did not proclaim himself emperor, but after Xelloss proclaimed himself emperor, he was named Wei Taizu, also known as Wei Wudi. Cao Wei once counted Cao Cao as ***6 emperors. Wei was the most powerful and vast country in the Three Kingdoms period.
At the end of the Han dynasty, Cao Cao held the emperor to make the princes. After the battle of Guandu, he controlled most of the Central Plains and prepared to go south to unify the whole country in one fell swoop. But after Battle of Red Cliffs was frustrated, he retreated to the north. After Cao Cao died, his son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne. Soon Cao Pi forced the palace to usurp the Han Dynasty, and Cao Wei was formally established.
Because Cao Wei occupies the largest area among the three countries and occupies the Central Plains, and this area has the largest population; Coupled with the demise of the Han Dynasty, it has always been regarded as an orthodox dynasty. The most important reform in this period was Chen Qun's Nine Grades Zheng Zhi, which had a far-reaching influence on Wei and Jin politics.
history
Before the founding of Cao Wei, the Eastern Han Dynasty had entered the era of separatism. Among them, Cao Cao has been holding Emperor Xiandi hostage and threatening local separatist forces. It turned out that after the victory of the battle of Guandu, he went south to unify the whole country. However, because Cao Jun did not adapt to the geographical environment in the south, it was defeated by the southern allied forces of Sun Wu and Shu Han in Battle of Red Cliffs, and it could only control the Central Plains. After Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi, the second son, proclaimed himself emperor, with the title Wei and the capital Luoyang, which was called Cao Wei in history.
Cao Wei spent all his time in the wars with Shu Han and Wu Dong. For example, Zhuge Liang of Shu made many northern expeditions to Wei, and Cao Zhen, Zhang He and Sima Yi refused to invade many times, so that Cao Wei kept his territory. Because Sima Yi made many contributions to Cao Wei, his position in Cao Wei gradually improved. Until the high Ping Ling incident, Sima Yi eradicated Cao Cao's Cao Shuang and Xiahou Jia's Xia Houxuan, the Sima family was in power, and even Sima Yi's son, Si Mazhao, became the most powerful courtier in the imperial court, so he could abolish the emperor. For example, Emperor Xelloss of Wei did not want Sima to threaten his throne, so Si Mazhao asked his close friend Jia Chong to send an assassin to kill Xelloss. Later, only Ji Cheng was executed, but the Sima family was not involved.
With the decline of Shu-Han forces, Sima Wei launched a plan to attack Shu in 263, and sent Zhong Hui, Wargo and Zhuge Xu to attack Wei. As a result, Liu Chan, the master of Shu, surrendered and Shu Han perished. After his death, his son usurped the independence of Wei in 265. His country name was Jin, so Cao Wei died.
political system
Cao Wei's influential political system was the first to promote the system of Jiupin Zhong Zheng. Its main content is to appoint local gentry as Zhong Zheng officials, who evaluate local people according to their family background, morality and ability. The standard is divided into nine levels: up, up, down, up, down and down. These evaluation criteria will be submitted to the Central Committee as the basis for awarding officials. This system still had a considerable influence after the pacification of Cao Wei, and it was not abolished until the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
culture
Although Cao Wei started as a military power, his family also made considerable achievements in literature. For example, Cao Cao and his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are both good at writing poems, which are called "Three Caos" and later called Jian 'an Literature. Even in his later years, his monarch had artistic attainments. For example, Cao Mao is good at poetry and painting and is known as a gifted scholar.
economy
Among Wei, Shu and Wuzhong, Cao Cao paid the most attention to agriculture, among which Cao Wei had the largest population and the widest reclamation area, which was also the reason why Cao Wei was the strongest among the three countries at that time. For example, Cao Cao defeated his opponent Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu because Cao Cao had enough food and grass. On the other hand, according to historical records, Yuan Shao's army not only lacked food, but also had to eat grass for a living.
Another evidence that Cao Wei attaches importance to agriculture is that he vigorously builds water conservancy projects, and the scale and quantity of his projects are second to none among the three countries. For example, in 233 AD, canals and reservoirs were built in Guanzhong area, and more than 3,000 hectares of saline-alkali land were transformed in one fell swoop, which greatly enriched the national treasury. Another example is that Cao Wei built water conservancy projects in Henan, and the grain output doubled as a result.
2
The Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16) was the name of an ancient dynasty in China. It was founded in 265 AD by Sima Yan, the fifth emperor of the Jin Dynasty, and replaced the Cao Wei regime. The name of the country is Jin, with Luoyang as its capital, which is called "Western Jin" in history. This dynasty was the only unified regime in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it only lasted for 5 1 year. If you count from the destruction of Wu, it will only be 36 years.
history
Sima Yan, the founding monarch of the Western Jin Dynasty, was born in a noble family named Sima in Hanoi. His grandfather Sima Yi was the military leader of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period, and his father Si Mazhao was the powerful minister of Cao Wei period, surpassing the monarch of Cao Wei. Before the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Cao Wei had destroyed Shu Han before AD 263. Two years later, Wei was usurped and the title was changed to "Jin". After the Western Jin Dynasty replaced the Wei Dynasty, Sun Wu was destroyed in 280 AD, ending the division and reunification of the three countries.
The Jin Dynasty itself inherited the melee situation from the end of Han Dynasty to the regime of Cao Wei, and the influence of local aristocratic families far exceeded that of emperors. For example, the Sima family controlled the Cao Wei court and usurped Wei independence as a big family. Therefore, after the successful usurpation of Wei, in order to prevent other aristocratic families from following suit, all members of the imperial clan were enfeoffed as kings as a local force to safeguard the royal family. At the same time, a "land possession order" was issued to limit the area and quantity of land owned by aristocratic families.
However, the influence of aristocratic families has been unbreakable since the end of Han dynasty, and the separatist forces have always been difficult to eradicate. The rule of the Western Jin Dynasty was not very consolidated, and the unified situation was completely maintained by the prestige of Emperor Wu of Jin and other royal families. After the death of Emperor Wu, the Eight Kings Rebellion broke out, which lasted for 16 years, causing civil strife in the upper classes of ethnic minorities who moved inward, so the unification situation did not last long. In 3 16, the Xiongnu army invaded Chang 'an, the Jin Emperor (ǐ: pinyin "mǐn") surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
trait
The Western Jin Dynasty was the only unified era in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the aristocratic families have long been separated in some areas, and their status has far surpassed that of emperors (such as Sima's usurpation of Cao Wei), which has left China in a long-term separatist situation. By virtue of his prestige, Emperor Wu of Jin successively made the imperial clan king, and implemented the "land occupation order", which stopped the long-term advantages of the aristocratic families and safeguarded the unity. However, when the death of Emperor Wu of Jin and the Eight Kings Rebellion lost the focus of maintaining unity, China split again.
At the same time, another feature of the Western Jin Dynasty is that the Hu people moved inward. Since the end of the Han Dynasty, a large number of ethnic minorities have moved in. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Hu people in Guanzhong area accounted for half of the local population. These conference semifinals themselves were taken as handmaiden by aristocratic families (take Schleswig, one of the monarchs of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu as an example). Due to a large number of immigrants, not far from the Han people in Guanzhong area, a separatist force was formed, which laid the groundwork for the national subjugation in the Western Jin Dynasty.
three
The Eastern Jin Dynasty, the name of China Dynasty (3 17-420), is the continuation of Sima's regime in the Western Jin Dynasty. Due to the internal migration of ethnic minorities, the Jin Dynasty (Western Jin Dynasty) with its capital in Luoyang perished. With the support of ministers, Si Marui, the king of Langya, ascended the throne in Jiankang (now Nanjing), that is, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. Sun Wu before the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Liang Chen after the Song and Qi Dynasties were collectively called the Six Dynasties.
At that time, the regime established by several nomadic peoples in the north fought for years, which was called the Sixteen Kingdoms Period.
Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty was a continuation of Sima's regime, Sima's political prestige was not high, and the whole court was dominated by aristocratic families. The first is Wang Dao, who was born in the royal family of Langya, then Xie An, Xie Xuan, Wang Dun and so on. Among the aristocratic families, the representatives are Wang, Xie, Yuan and Xiao who went south, and Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu who lived in the south of the Yangtze River. At first, the Eastern Jin Dynasty relied on the powerful minister Wang Dao to take charge of the overall situation. On the one hand, he wooed the cremation of Jiangnan, on the other hand, he arranged for the cremation of the north to go south, and took Sima's family as the object of * * *.
However, the aristocratic family itself is not really loyal to the Sima family. In particular, they all own a large number of fields and even have their own army (the so-called "Ministry"), which has enough strength to counter the Sima regime. At first, Wang Dao presided over the overall situation, and the Eastern Jin regime was stable, so it was called "the king and the horse, * * * the world". However, since the fall of Yuan Di, civil strife has occurred frequently, such as the early Wang Dun rebellion and Soviet rebellion, and later Sun En and Lu Xun rebellion.
Due to their disloyalty to Sima's family, many powerful officials, such as Huan Wen, Emperor Wu of Song and Zu Di, went to the Northern Expedition to build their reputations and compete for power. In 383, Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty, led the troops to invade the south, and Xie Anli, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, took the lead in fighting, and sent Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to lead the army and won a great victory in the Battle of Feishui. Fu Jian fled to the north alone, which led to the separation of the north and the south. After Huan Xuan Rebellion, Andi was abolished as emperor and razed by Emperor Wu, but was marginalized. In 420, Emperor Wu of Song usurped the throne and died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
build
In 3 17, Si Marui, the royal family, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. The Eastern Jin Dynasty itself did not have strong strength, mainly relying on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River to settle in the south of the Yangtze River; Wang Dao, the prime minister, called on the gentry of the Central Plains to take refuge in the south, united with the clans in the south and gained their support. However, frequent conflicts and civil strife between the northern and southern clans led to the instability of the Eastern Jin regime.
northern expedition
People who moved from the north to the south often miss their hometown, so some people with lofty ideals made many northern expeditions in the hope of recovering the northern territory. Zu Ti was a general who led the Northern Expedition in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He once led an army to recover the area south of the Yellow River. However, due to internal disputes in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the court was worried that his prestige was too high after the success of the Northern Expedition, and as a result, he did not give support and led to failure. Zu Ti died of grief and indignation, and the recovered land was reoccupied by the Hu people.
After Zu Ti, Huan Wen made three northern expeditions and once recovered Luoyang. He repeatedly asked the court to move the capital back to Luoyang, but was opposed by the big family. The official minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was afraid that his power was too great to control, so it could not be realized.
rise and fall
General situation of five lakes and sixteen countries
After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the rulers of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta, Bianyi and Qiang have successively established many separatist regimes in the Yellow River valley in northern China. Coupled with the political power established by the Han nationality, sixteen countries are more important, which is called "five shells and sixteen countries" in history.
The former Qin unified the north.
The pre-Qin Dynasty, which was established by the pre-Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty to fight against the Di people, took Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as the prime minister in Fu Jian, and became powerful, unifying most of the northern regions. In 383, Fu Jian led his troops to the south [2] in an attempt to wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop, and the famous "Battle of Feishui" took place in history.
Pre-Qin disintegration
After the Battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty collapsed, the north was in chaos, and it was once again in a state of long-term division, and the Hu people had no time to invade the south. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the weak prevailed over the strong, and the situation was temporarily stable.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty perished.
Imperial clans and clans in the Eastern Jin Dynasty often fought for power and profit, and people's lives were quite difficult, which led to thieves everywhere. After the Battle of Feishui, the southern people were temporarily stable, but the situation of political chaos and corruption did not improve. After the death of Huan Wen, the minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, his son Huan Xuan usurped the throne and stood on his own feet; Emperor Wu of Song arose and denounced, killed Huan Xuan, and restored the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, Emperor Wu of Song has his own ambition to seize the throne. Finally, in 420, it was abolished, the title was changed to Song, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty officially perished.
trait
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the whole aristocratic family was disloyal to Sima's family. At the same time, the gentry often went to the north to fight for power, which is a political feature.
On the other hand, the Eastern Jin Dynasty also made some achievements in literature, and various poems and songs flourished in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Famous writers include Xie Lingyun, Tao Yuanming, Wang Xizhi and others. There are also outstanding achievements in calligraphy and painting, such as the paintings of Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the calligraphy of Wang Xizhi, all of which have high artistic value.
four
The Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589) was a period of confrontation between the northern and southern regimes in China's history, and it was also a historical era in which several regimes appeared in the northern and southern regions of China. There are Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties in the south. There are Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties in the Northern Dynasties.
Southern Dynasties
Since Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty usurped the gold in 420 AD, the Southern Dynasties experienced four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The capital of the Four Dynasties was Jiankang (now Nanjing), which was called the Southern Dynasties in history. After Huan Xuan ascended the throne in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Song assembled nearly 2,000 people in Jingkou to attack Jiankang, and Huan Xuan fled back to Jiangling to save Jiandi. In 420, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished Jin and established himself. Liu Song spread eight emperors for sixty years. In 472, there was civil strife in Liu and Song Dynasties, and the secretariat of Southern Yanzhou set out to destroy the Song Dynasty and establish the State of Qi. At the end of Qi Dynasty, Emperor Qi Ming succeeded to the throne, and the killing was fierce, causing chaos. 50 1 year, Yongzhou secretariat attacked Jiankang, and destroyed Qi in the following year to build the Liang Dynasty. After the Hou Jing Rebellion, the Western Wei Dynasty fostered the imperial clan of the Liang Dynasty in Jiangling and established the back beam. Qi Chuan 7 emperors lasted for 24 years. Liang Chuan reigned for 56 years. It was destroyed by Chen in 557 AD. The five emperors of Chen Chuan lasted for 33 years. In 589, it was destroyed by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty.
Various regimes in the Southern Dynasties were mainly established by poor families, such as Emperor Wu of Song and Xiao Daocheng. They were all born in poor families, and they were reused by clans and mastered the military power. Due to frequent civil strife in various dynasties, the territory became smaller and smaller. Until the Chen Dynasty, it could only own the area south of the Yangtze River.
Northern Dynasties
The regime of Northern Dynasties mainly includes Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. Except the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Five Dynasties were all founded by Xianbei people of the Hu people.
In the fifth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (439), the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed the northern cool, ended the Sixteen Kingdoms period, unified the North, and spread the emperor 17, which lasted17/year. Also known as the post-Wei Dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Yongxi (534), Emperor Wei Xiaowu was forced by Gao Huan to escape from Luoyang. Gao Huan established Yuan Shan Jian, the imperial clan of Wei Dynasty, as emperor, and moved the capital to Yecheng (now Linzhang, Hebei Province). The history is called the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the history is 17. In the second year of Tian Ping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (535), according to Yu Wentai in Guanzhong, Emperor Xiaowu was killed, and Yuan Baoju, the imperial clan of Wei Dynasty, was the emperor, with its capital in Chang 'an, which was called the Western Wei Dynasty in history. In the eighth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (550 years), Levin abolished the Eastern Wei Emperor and stood on his own feet. His title was Qi, which was known as Beiqi in history and passed on to the 6th Emperor for 28 years. In the third year of Emperor Gong in the Western Wei Dynasty (556), Zen was located in Yuwenjue. The following year, Yu Wenxuan was called the King of Heaven, the title of Zhou, and the history of Northern Zhou. In the sixth year of Jiande in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (577), the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified the North, which affected the five emperors for 25 years. Like three years (58 1), Emperor Wendi of Sui dynasty stood on behalf of Zhou Zili, with the title of Sui. In 587, Liang was abandoned and died. In 589, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty sent him to destroy Chen. At this point, the Southern and Northern Dynasties ended, and then the Sui and Tang Dynasties flourished.
The Northern Dynasties were influenced by the wars in the early period of Five Hu and Sixteen Countries, and were greatly influenced by the Hu people. The Northern Wei Dynasty and other regimes were established by Xianbei people. Although the Northern Qi Dynasty was founded by Han people, its ruler Gao Yang was deeply influenced by the culture of Hu people. Most of the Han gentry who served in Korea in the later period intermarried with Hu people and were of Hu descent.
five
The Northern Zhou Dynasty is one of the Northern Dynasties in the history of China.
After the rebellion of six towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty, under the command of the Zhu family, it was founded by, and later took refuge in the crusade against rebellion. Later, He Bayue, a general whose territory was Longxi, Guanzhong and Yu Wentai, was gradually reused.
Gao Huan, who controlled Luoyang, thought He Bayue was unfaithful, so he asked soldiers from Qin Zhou in Longxi to assassinate He Bayue. With Yu Wentai as the commander in chief, the general became the master of Guanlong. Yu Wentai only obeys Gao Huan on the surface.
After the failure of the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowu's crusade against Gao Huan, he fled to Guanzhong. Yu Wentai took in Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and was soon killed by Yu Wentai. Yu Wentai established the Western Wei Wendi and the Western Wei Dynasty. When Gao Huan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty fled into the customs after Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Gao Huan established Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, moved the court to Yecheng, Hebei Province, and established the Eastern Wei Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yu Wentai became the prime minister, and Yu Wentai defeated the Eastern Wei army in three wars, which laid the foundation for entering Guanzhong. Yu Wentai appointed Su Chuo and others to carry out reforms, which further strengthened the Western Wei Dynasty. Even attacked Chengdu and Nanliang, and seized the land of Xichuan.
In the third year of the Western Wei Dynasty (556), he died of illness and was succeeded by his nephew Yuwen Hu. With the support of generals, Yuwen Hu forced Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty to abdicate, and his son Yu Wenjue founded the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Its capital is Chang 'an (now Xi, Shaanxi).
Yu Wenjue was dissatisfied with Yuwen Hu's autocratic power, but he was killed when he instigated the coup. Yuwen Hu established his ordinary brother for Ming Di in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. A few years later, Ming Di was killed and made his brother Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Yuwen Hu took power for fifteen years and became the ruler of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He inherited the policies of Yu Wentai and Su Chuo and wiped out the military commanders who threatened the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Make the Northern Zhou Dynasty more consolidated. In March of the seventh year of Emperor Wu (572), Yuwen Hu's prestige dropped greatly, and Emperor Wu took the opportunity to kill Yuwen Hu and regain power.
In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified North China. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wen of Sui replaced the Northern Zhou Dynasty and changed its name to Sui, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty perished.