First of all, the verdict
Sentences that use nouns or noun phrases to express judgments are called judgment sentences.
In modern Chinese, the judgment verb "Shi" is generally used to express the judgment between the subject and the predicate. However, in ancient Chinese, "Shi" was mostly used as a pronoun and rarely used as a judgment word. Therefore, in most cases, modal particles are used to express judgment.
Common sentences are as follows:
1. The subject followed by "zhe" means pause, and the predicate followed by "ye" means judgment, that is, "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This sentence pattern of judgment is a typical form of expressing judgment in ancient Chinese. Such as Lian Po and General Zhao Zhiliang. (Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
2. The subject followed by "zhe" means pause, and the predicate is not followed by "ye", that is, "zhe". The word "zhe" in this sentence pattern is not translated, but the word "yes" is added between the subject and the predicate. For example, Liu Jingting, a native of Taizhou, Yangzhou, is naturally Cao.
3. Don't use "zhe" after the subject to express pause, but use "zhe" after the predicate to express judgment, that is, "Xu Gong in the north of the city, the beauty of qi". ("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi's incompetence")
4. Don't use "zhe" after the subject to indicate pause, only use "ye" after the predicate to indicate judgment, that is, "ye" is not translated in this judgment sentence, and only "yes" is added between the subject and the predicate when translating. Such as the wall of harmony, the world is also a treasure.
5. Do not use "zhe" and "ye", that is, when translating into modern Chinese, just add "yes" between the subject and the predicate. Such as: Liu Bei, the world is fierce.
6. Use the verb "for" to express judgment, that is, the type of "... for ...". For example, man is a knife and I am a fish. (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
7. Use adverbs such as "Nai is the rule, Jing, Bi" to express positive judgment, and use adverb "Fei" to express negative judgment.
(1) This childe is in a hurry. It's autumn for the minister.
(2) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
8. The usage of "Shi" as a judgment verb also exists in classical Chinese, but it appears late and rarely. The giant will die, which is far from the county. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")
Second, passive sentences
In ancient Chinese, the passive sentence pattern in which the subject is the behavior expressed by the predicate is called passive sentence. Common passive sentences have the following forms:
1. Use the preposition "Yu" to introduce the initiative of the behavior and express the passivity. That is, "predicate+Yu ..." For example, her husband Zhao Qiang is weak in the state of Yan, and the prince is lucky in Zhao, so the prince wants to marry him. ("Touch the Dragon and Tell the Queen Zhao")
2. Use "see" before the verb to express passivity and form the form of "see+predicate". For example, if the world is cloudy and I am alone, and everyone is drunk, I can put it down. (Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan)
If you need to introduce the active person of the action, you can add the preposition "Yu" after the verb to form the form of "see+predicate+Yu" Afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao.
3. Use "accept" before the verb to express passivity and form the form of "accept+predicate". For example:
(1) guilty.
The word "Bei" in this sentence contains the meaning of "Bei", and the preposition "Yu" is omitted after it, which can also be introduced actively. If it is necessary to introduce initiative, the form of "acceptance+predicate+Yu" is as follows:
(2) I can't support the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others.
4. Add the preposition "Wei" before the verb to form the form of "Wei+verb".
"Wei" and "Jian" in this sentence are different: "Jian" is an auxiliary word and cannot take an object, so it is always next to the verb; "Wei" is a preposition, which can follow the verb (omit the object) or guide the initiative of the action. For example, a guest died in Qin and laughed at the world.
5. Use "for" to take the initiative, and then add "suo" before the predicate to express passivity, which constitutes "for ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Such as: sad husband! There is such a trend that it was robbed by the Qin people. (Su Xun's "Six Kingdoms")
However, in ancient Chinese, the actor of "Wei" sometimes could not appear, or was omitted, and became the form of "Wei", such as Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet.
6. The preposition "Bei" leads to initiative and forms the form of "Bei+verb", which is the same as the passive sentence in modern Chinese. Such as: dancing in the pavilion, singing in Taichung, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings. (Xin Qiji, "Yong Yule? Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia ")
7. Passive sentences without any marks. This passive sentence has no passive verbs and can be supplemented according to the meaning of the context. For example, soldiers fell to the ground and killed six counties.
Three. elliptical sentence
Omitting a word or a component in a sentence is a phenomenon in ancient and modern times. However, this phenomenon is more prominent in classical Chinese. Some sentence elements that cannot be omitted in modern Chinese are often omitted in ancient Chinese.
The most common ellipsis sentences are as follows:
1. Omit the topic
Subject ellipsis is common in classical Chinese. One of the main reasons is that the third person pronoun in classical Chinese generally does not act as the subject of the sentence independently. If the sentence repeats the previous sentence, it will be wordy, and naturally there will be more sentences that omit the subject. Whether elements in a sentence are omitted or not should be inferred according to the meaning of the context or the whole language environment. When translating, we should make up the omitted components according to the specific situation. Subject ellipsis can be divided into such forms as "connecting the past with the future", "learning from foreigners" and "saving dialogue". For example:
(1) Thousands of provinces
(1) Lian Po for zhao will, (Lian Po) cut qi, big break.
(2) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, black and white, and (different snakes) touch vegetation and (vegetation) dies.
(2) Hou Meng
(1) Pei Gong said to Sean, "How about ... (Gong) I'm going to join the army, Gong Jin." (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
(2) (er) It's a matter of time before you die, and the rest will be closed.
(3) Dialogue province
(1) (Mencius) said, "Who is happy if he is alone or with others?" (The king) said, "If you are not with others."
② Fan Kuai said, "What happened today?" Liang Dao: "It's urgent." (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
Omitting predicate
Predicate is the most important part of a sentence. Whether in ancient or modern times, it is rare to omit predicates. However, in classical Chinese, omitting predicates is not a very unique phenomenon. Especially in compound sentence, if a verb is used in a sentence, another verb of the same kind can be omitted. Sometimes omitted predicates need to be supplemented according to the context, so as not to affect the expression of meaning.
(1) is omitted from the above predicate, for example:
There is no fun in the army. Please dance with a sword. (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
(2) The following predicates are omitted, such as:
When Andy's neighbor died, he led his party (chasing it) and asked Andy to chase it vertically.
(3)*** metaphor ellipsis, that is, according to the context, you will understand what is omitted. For example:
(1) and left the factory prison, history (as far as possible outside the prison). (Fang Bao's "Zuo Anecdote")
(2) After the reform of Guangdong and Guangxi (Ren), the eunuch cried goodbye and gave four big beads.
Omit an object
In classical Chinese, it is common to omit objects after verbs and prepositions, and most of them are pronouns "zhi".
(1) Omit the object after the verb, for example:
Xiang Bo is the partner of Yechi. He has met Sean privately, so he has something to say.
(2) Omit the object after the preposition, such as:
Seeing is believing, doing a lot, being ashamed, dare not compare with it.
4. Omit the concurrent language
The object of verbs such as "Shi, Ming, Ling" often doubles as the subject of the latter subject-predicate phrase, and this word is called concurrent language. Generally speaking, the concurrent language in modern Chinese can't be omitted, but the concurrent language in classical Chinese is often omitted, and the pronoun "zhi" is often omitted. For example:
It is best to meet such a thick one, which belongs to Zhao.
Omission preposition
In ancient Chinese, the preposition "Yu" and the prepositions "Yi" and "Zi" were often omitted. These prepositions and the objects behind them constitute prepositional structures, which are often omitted as complements.
(1) omit the preposition "Yu", for example, the people of Jingzhou are attached to the symbol, forcing (Yu) soldiers to take advantage of the situation. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")
(2) omit the preposition "one", such as: try to fight other insects, and the insects will be exhausted; Try again, and the result is true.
In addition, the preposition "zi" can also be omitted, such as: or the king is in a hurry, sometimes sending (zi) to Jiangling at dusk. (Li Daoyuan's Three Gorges)
Fourth, predicate preposition
In ancient Chinese, the predicate was usually placed after the subject. But sometimes in order to emphasize the predicate, it can also be placed before the subject, called predicate preposition, or after the subject. This predicate-prepositioned sentence pattern usually appears in exclamatory sentences and interrogative sentences. For example:
(1) What! You are ungrateful! ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(2) content with childe can be anxious and sleepy!
Verb (abbreviation of verb) preposition object
Verbs can take objects, and prepositions can also take objects. In classical Chinese, objects are usually placed after verbs or prepositions. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is conditional.
1. verb preposition object
In classical Chinese, when the object is in front of the verb, there are roughly three situations:
In (1) negative sentences, pronouns are used as objects, and objects are placed before verbs. The so-called negative sentence is a negative sentence in which every sentence has negative adverbs "bu", "fu", "wei", "fei", "bu", "nothing" or the verb "nothing" or indefinite pronouns's "mo". If its object is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb predicate. For example:
(1) Ancient people were not bullied. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)
(2) I don't know more about the turbidity of the world, but we ignore it. (Qu Yuan's Li Sao)
(2) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects and placed before verb predicates.
In ancient Chinese, interrogative pronouns with high frequency are "He" and "Who, Who, Evil, An, Yan, Hu, Li". When they are used as objects, they are also placed before verb predicates. For example:
(1) Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
2 Is Pei Hongan there? (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
(3) Put the object before the verb with "zhi" or "yes" to emphasize the mood. This phenomenon is rare in ancient Chinese. For example:
(1) For example, if you throw meat at a tiger gracefully, what merits do you have!
I don't know what to look at, and I'm confused. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)
(3) Go to my Sanli and just listen.
"Wei (Wei)' s form ... stone ..." and "Wei (Wei) ... wisdom ..." are often used to express the oneness of the action object and emphasize the object. The adverb "Wei" can be translated into "Wei", "Wei" or "Speciality" and "Definiteness", while the auxiliary word "Zhi" is like the idioms "mercenary", "obedient", "talented is asking" and "talented is lifting".
2. Preposition Preposition Object
In classical Chinese, common prepositions are Yu, Yi, Wei, Yu, Cong, Zi and Xiang. They are often combined with nouns or noun phrases to form prepositional structures. These nouns or noun phrases after prepositions are called prepositional objects. Preposition objects are generally placed after prepositions, and in classical Chinese, the following situations are placed before prepositions:
(1) interrogative pronouns are usually placed before prepositions. For example:
The king asked, "How do you know?"
Wes, who's back? (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
(2) The prepositional object is not an interrogative pronoun, but it is also placed in front of the preposition for emphasis. The most common situation is the prepositional object of the preposition "one". For example:
(1) not just remember it.
(2) in a word. (idiom)
(3) The prepositional object is a locative word, which is also placed in front of the preposition. For example:
Wang Xianghe and Xiang Bo are sitting in the east; Father sits south-father, Fan Zeng also; Pei Gong sits in the north; Sean is waiting in the west. (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
Sixth, attributive postposition
Attribute modifies or restricts nouns. Attributive is generally placed before the head word, which is consistent from ancient times to modern times. In classical Chinese, in addition to this situation, it can also be placed after the head word, which we call "attributive postposition"
Common attributives have the following formats:
1. Attribute is placed after the head word and ends with the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word-attribute-zhe". The word "zhe" in this format is equivalent to the structural auxiliary word "de". For example:
The prince and the guests all knew about it, and they all took white as gifts. ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin")
(2) The plan is undecided, and asking for help can make people report to Qin, but he didn't get it.
2. Add "zhi" between the head word and the postposition attribute, and then use the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word-zhi-attribute-zhe". For example:
(1) A horse, a grain or a stone thousands of miles away. (Han Yu "Ma Shuo")
The stone is loud, and it is everywhere. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)
3. Add the word "he" between the head word and the postposition attribute, and then use the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word-and attribute-zhe". For example:
In this vast world, how many people are sought after by gentry, but they can't easily realize their ambitions? (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")
4. Add the word "zhi" between the head word and the postposition attribute to form the format of "head word-attribute". For example:
(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. It eats the soil and drinks the grave, and it is also intentional. ("Persuade to Learn")
(2) If you live in a temple, you will worry about the people, while if you are far away, you will worry about your husband. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
7. Postposition of prepositional structure
1. The prepositional structure "Yu ..." is often used as a complement after a predicate verb. According to modern Chinese custom, this complement is used as an adverbial before the predicate verb. Translation is adverbial, so some people call it "adverbial postposition". For example:
It's urgent, please order General Sun for help.
(2) The public accepts it and fights with the spoon. (Cao Gui Debate)
2. The prepositional structure "Yi ………" is sometimes placed behind the predicate as a post-adverbial. This phenomenon is rare in classical Chinese. For example:
(1) is to take Meng Chong bucket boat ten, dry but not dry wood, filled with oil, wrapped in a curtain. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")
② It looks like a wine statue, decorated with the shape of tortoise, bird and beast.