Although he lived less than 50 years old, Liu Zongyuan made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, ci fu, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, prose, literary theory and so on.
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life. Most of his poems are about expressing depression, grief, homesickness and friendship, which makes him unique. What is most praised by the world are those leisurely and meaningful, simple and clean landscapes. Wen's achievements are greater than poetry. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which have not broken away from the habits of parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, but there are also masterpieces like Yunsuiyang Temple Monument in Antarctica.
The anthology of Liu Zongyuan, edited by Liu Yuxi, is called the anthology of Mr Hedong, which was published by Mu Xiu in the early Song Dynasty. There are 45 volumes of Liu's Exegetical Collection of Song Dynasty collected in Sikuquanshu, including 2 volumes, and the newly compiled volume 1, which is the earliest extant Liu Collection. There are 43 volumes, 2 of which are collected by him, 2 of which are collected outside, and the Collected Works of Mr. Song Tongzong, Zhang Dunyi and Pan 1 volume, and there are four copies, which are the earliest photocopies at present. Song Tongzong said that the 45-volume New Collection of Liu Tang's Works was printed by Song Jianzhou and is now in the Beijing Library. In Song Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong edited and annotated 500 Collected Works of Mr. Liu, including 2 volumes of Waiji, 65,438+0 volumes of Waiji, 2 volumes of Longcheng Record, 8 volumes of Appendix, and a photocopy of Wenyuan Pavilion. The Collection of Mr. Hedong compiled and annotated by Liao in Song Dynasty consists of 45 volumes, with 2 volumes outside, with addenda and appendices. , is the last annotation of the Song Dynasty. There was a rare edition of Song and Tang Dynasties, which was printed by Shanghai Editorial Department of Zhonghua Book Company and reprinted by Shanghai People's Publishing House. Forty-five volumes, five volumes, legacy notes and appendices of Liuhe Dongji compiled by Jiang in Ming Dynasty, although the old notes were adopted, were mostly Jiang's own notes. There are three classics of Ming dynasty, and four sets of typography.
Liu Zongyuan attaches great importance to the content of the article, and advocates that the text should be used and the Tao should benefit the country and the people, which is practical. He attaches importance to the social function of literature and emphasizes that literature should be beneficial to the world. He advocates the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form, points out that writing must be serious and emphasizes the importance of writers' moral cultivation. He admired the articles of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and proposed to learn from Confucian classics, Zhuangzi, Laozi, Li Sao and Historical Records. And learn from it, thinking that it can be used by me, but don't give up eating because of choking. In terms of poetic theory, he inherited the tradition that Liu Xie advocated Bi Xing and Chen Ziang advocated Ji Xing. It is consistent with Bai Juyi's proposition about satirical poems in the Yuan zaju Jiushu. His theory of poetry and prose represents the progressive tendency of the literary movement at that time.
poetic sentiment
There are more than 140 poems written by Liu Zongyuan, which is one of the few in the Tang Dynasty, but many of them have been handed down from generation to generation. On the basis of his unique life experience, thoughts and feelings, he drew lessons from the artistic experience of his predecessors, exerted his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing one school at that time. Su Shi commented: "It is expensive to dry the cream outside, which seems as light as beauty and as deep as thick." Juxtapose Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming. Liu Zongyuan's existing poems are mostly works after being relegated to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and diverse genres. His narrative poems are simple in writing and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. Lyrics are better at expressing their feelings euphemistically and profoundly with fresh and cool writing. No matter what genre it is, it is meticulously written and has a long lasting appeal. It shows extremely deep feelings in a simple style and presents a unique look. Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes.
There are more than 40 pieces of Liu Shi/KLOC-0, all of which were written after relegation. His predecessors, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei also called him Wang Meng. Some of his five ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language and elegant and meaningful style. Influenced by Xie Lingyun, other ancient Five Dynasties coined exquisite words, mixed with Hyunri, and even learned from Xie Shi when doing problems. However, Liu's poems can contain bitterness, similarities and differences in beauty. In addition, Liu's poem "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States", which is famous for his generosity and compassion for health, is a famous work of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains of Jiang Xue are also rare in the Tang Dynasty.
China's classical prose
Liu Zongyuan's prose is as famous as Han Yu's, and he is also called "Tang Jia Ba Jie" with Liu Han, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. He is the most outstanding essayist in the history of China. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to content and emptiness, this paper puts forward "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article demands to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit to get rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand up" first and then "stand up". This is a progressive literary proposition. In their creative practice, Han and Liu created many excellent essays with rich content, skillful skills and concise and vivid language. Liu Han's ancient prose movement has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. Eight Chapters of Yongzhou became the representative work of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes.
Comments: including philosophy, political comments and discussion-oriented essays. Sharp pen, accurate argument. Tian Shuo is a masterpiece of philosophical papers. Feudalism and Heavenly Punishment are representative works of medium and long political papers. Jin Wengong's "Defending the Original Motion", "Debate between Dong Brothers" and Yi Yin's "Five Opinions on Street Praise" are representatives of political papers. There is a simple materialistic element in his philosophy. His political thoughts are mainly embodied in the progressive social historical view that emphasizes "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought. But also influenced by Buddhism, especially when they are frustrated politically, they often seek spiritual liberation from Buddhism.
Fable: Inherited and developed the traditions of Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lu Chunqiu, Liezi and the Warring States Policy, which were mostly used to satirize and attack the ugly phenomena of the society at that time. Innovate, create whimsy, and make good use of anthropomorphic artistic images of various animals to express philosophical or political views. Representative works include Three Commandments (Linjiang Elk, Guizhou Donkey, Yongmou Mouse), Biography, Lieshuo and so on. Laughing and cursing, because things are small, show a high degree of humor and irony.
Biography: Inherited the tradition of Historical Records and Hanshu, and made some innovations. Representative works include Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Biography of Zi Ren, Biography of Hejian, Theory of Snake Catcher, etc. Some works are exaggerated and fictional on the basis of real people and stories, just like fables and novels. Such as Biography of Song Qing and Biography of Planting Trees and Camels.
Landscape Travel Notes: The most popular ones are written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are even better. Eight Notes on Yongzhou: Travel Notes on the First Banquet in Western Hills, Kunteng, Kunteng Western Hills, West Xiaoshitang to Xiaoqiu, Yuanjiake, Shiqu, Shi Jian and Koishiyama. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. Eight Records of Yongzhou was written four years after Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was exiled to Yongzhou, which is now Yongzhou, Hunan Province, because of the failure of political reform. The articles are all some scenery near Yongzhou at that time. The article is short, light, concise and fluent, which has been praised by all previous dynasties. Among them, the story of Xiaoshitang in the west of Xiaoqiu is the most famous, and the author describes a quiet and peaceful scenery of Xiaoshitang through his own pen. The article is fascinating and endless. At first, Xiaoshitang was presented by hearing its sound first and then seeing its shape. Write a pool with fish, then the clarity of the pool water can be imagined; People who write about fish are happy beyond words. The author's image is vivid, subtle, economical and superb. At the end, it is written in a quiet and quiet environment, a sad feeling and a blend of scenes.
Sao fu
Yan Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "In the Tang Dynasty, only thick sons got the Sao school." This theory is very pertinent. Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. His ci and fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan. This may be because although they are separated by thousands of years, they are similar in thought, experience, ambition and personality. "Old Tang Book" said that Liu Zongyuan was "a fugitive with a bumpy life (family B). There are dozens of essays that express the sorrow of poets, write emotional narratives, and the emotions must be in the words, and the visitors are all sorrowful. " How similar it is to Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Poems" and "Ten Sao Poems" are really excellent works in the prose literature of the Tang Dynasty. Whether focusing on expressing feelings or reciting things, they are sincere and rich in content.
Li Sao and Nine Chapters are used in Punishing Evil Fu, Sheng Min Fu, Meng Gui Fu and Prison Mountain Fu. Or express one's mind directly, or borrow ancient times to hurt oneself, or borrow fables to express irony and think hard, which won the essence of Qu Sao. "Tian Dui" and "Jin Wen" are another type, imitating Tian Wen and Qi Fa, with strange and profound words. In addition, there are many works related to Buddhism in Liu Jizhong, such as inscriptions, inscriptions, notes, prefaces, poems and so on. This is related to the theories of Zen, Tiantai Sect and Legalism.