Imagination and symbolism are the most basic features of poetry. The biggest difference between poetry and prose, ancient poetry and new poetry is symbol, but it is a pity that traditional or previous rhetoric basically does not mention symbol or several words are passed down from generation to generation.
Symbol is a foreign word, which comes from Greek and means to join, that is, to replace one thing with another.
Symbolism, as an artistic trend of thought, has appeared twice in the history of western literature. In the Middle Ages, the pantheist Eliugena believed that art was a symbol, so all works of art had two levels: superficial meaning and symbolic meaning. In another period, symbolism appeared at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, with Baudelaire, Rambo, Malamei, Wei Erlun, Ye Zhi and Eliot as the representatives. Malamei believes that poetry is enlightenment, fantasy and mystery, that is, the mental state is expressed through symbols, and works of art are thoughts engraved with symbols. Baudelaire believes that the external world is false and unreal, just a reflection of the other side of the world, and there is a more real "another world" behind "our world". Only the human heart has the "highest truth", and only poets can use symbols to understand this highest truth. Therefore, expressing the inner truth through symbols, revealing the inductive fit between external things and the inner world, and deepening the "chaotic and profound unity" to achieve the state of consistency between things and me have become the conscious artistic pursuit of symbolism.
Lipps said that empathy in art is a symbol of beauty. Symbols are similar to shapes, metaphors, metonymies, metaphors and hints in Chinese. Symbol can fully express the image outside the image, the meaning outside the rhyme and the meaning outside the taste of the poem, that is, the implicit beauty, hazy feeling, mystery and strangeness of the poem.
The object of symbol is thoughts, feelings and invisible things, the medium of symbol is an image, and the method of symbol is indirect rather than direct, which breaks the singleness and simplicity of direct expression of poetry and makes poetry full of ambiguity and fuzziness. However, symbols make poetry obscure and even riddled with holes, which deviates from the aesthetic feeling of poetry.
Avant-garde poetry mainly refers to the difference between modernism or postmodernism and non-avant-garde poetry. The former is a whole symbol, while the latter is often a local symbol. Symbols can also be divided into character symbols, scene symbols, event symbols and so on.
Symbolism is the earliest and most influential school of western modernist literature and art, and Baudelaire, a pioneer of French symbolism, published his poetry anthology Flowers of Evil in 1857, which is one of his representative works. Symbolism tries to get rid of naturalism's mechanical imitation of external things, and tries to imply the subjective world from objectively and concretely perceived things. It is required to form a symbolic counterpart with mysterious associations in a trance, which is full of individualism and mysticism as a medium of communication between the two worlds. Symbolism is the reflection of the inductive theory of the Swedish mystic philosopher Emmanuel Swedenburg in the18th century in his poetry creation.
Malamei, a master of symbolism, said: "To designate an object deprives a poem of its greatest pleasure; Because the fun of poetry is gradually revealed. " Later, someone summed up this sentence as "destruction, suggestion is creation." Became a famous saying of symbolism.
Jung believes that symbol is the original image behind artistic image. Only by closely linking the symbol with the prototype can the essence of the symbol be truly revealed. Symbol is the externalization of prototype, and prototype can only express itself through symbol. The so-called "unknown things" to be expressed by symbols are the prototype hidden deep in the collective unconscious. The history of mankind is to constantly look for better symbols.
China's new poems were also influenced by symbolism, which appeared in the 1920s and 1930s, and was represented by Li Jinfa and Dai Wangshu. In 1980s, misty poetry grew up on the basis of absorbing symbolism and imagism. After misty poetry, the symbolism of China's avant-garde poetry is cold lyricism or anti-lyricism.
Image.
Images first appeared in Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long? Shen Si: "A craftsman who takes photos alone can see the image and bear the weight. This is the first skill to master words and the great ending of the article. "
Pound said: "Image is a composite of reason and emotion in an instant."
Imagism is a genre and poetic movement of British and American poetry in the early 20th century. Poet Pound formed imagism on the basis of absorbing China's classical poems.
Richard, another important poet of Imagism? In the preface of Imagist Poet (19 15), Ahldin gave a detailed explanation of Imagist: 1. Use the language of daily conversation, but use accurate words; 2. Create a new rhythm; 3. Allow absolute freedom in the choice of theme; 4. present an image (so we call this sentence imagism); 5. Write tough and fresh poems, never vague or endless poems; Finally, most of us think conciseness is the soul of poetry. (See Selected Imagist Poems by Lijiang Publishing House, 1986).
China's poetic artistic conception theory contains symbolism and imagism in western poetry to some extent. The difference is that the theory of artistic conception is the epitome of China's classical poetry aesthetics, artistic expression methods and artistic expression purposes, and the theory of artistic conception is the development and deepening of image theory; Symbolism and imagism are the symbols of western modern poetry aesthetics, but they are mainly artistic expression methods, not artistic expression purposes. Imagism comes directly from China's classical Imagism.
Artistic conception is an important theoretical and aesthetic concept in China's poetry creation. It refers to the vivid life picture depicted in poetry works and an artistic realm formed by the poet's strong rich thoughts and feelings. It makes readers infected by imagination and association, such as entering their own environment. It can also be understood as the realm reached after the blending of images. This is the artistic conception, which is the realm of poetry, which is poetry. Or poetry is a beautiful text with artistic conception.
Poetic artistic conception is an organic blend of things and me, emotion and scenery, emptiness and reality, and it is the result of poetic artistic conception and artistic creation. Whether there is artistic conception or not is an important aesthetic standard to measure the success or failure of poetry works.
Artistic conception is different from the general combination of meaning and image, the blending of emotion and scenery, and it is an artistic image with special aesthetic content. First, the artistic conception is not limited to the part of the image itself that has been specifically described, but also can extend the aesthetic feeling to those parts that are compared, symbolized and implied by the specific description of the image through association and imagination, that is, the image outside the image. The second is "thinking with the environment", which turns the scenery into something emotional, that is, the scenery outside the scenery. Moreover, this kind of "image outside the image" and "scenery outside the scene" are often meaningful but difficult to describe.
Art is the combination of subjectivity and objectivity, and artistic creation is the mutual detonation of subjectivity and objectivity. Its order, weight, priority, combination and change are different, which is colorful art, both at home and abroad.
Irony, that is, conveying a meaning different from or opposite to the accepted or superficial meaning, often means ridicule. Of course, the object of this ridicule is actually himself. Sometimes, irony reminds us of cross talk, sketches, magic, jokes, fables and even myths, as well as talk in a dream, crazy talk, silly talk and wine talk, as well as parks, zoos, tours, parties and homecoming. We can also think of funny, humorous and absurd, which are called comedies in the west. Qian Zhongshu's humor represents a new intellectual realm of oriental culture. His self-evident humor is a great insight, which will make us feel that life and life are so relaxed, happy and even interesting, and then sigh how beautiful life is. Let all the heavy and miserable things go to hell. Living like a child or playing games is the ultimate realm of life.
I once called Isa a comedy poet in my article. Nowadays, in the second half of the Internet, Shen Haobo, Yin Lichuan, Pi Dan, Xu Xiangchou, Li Lei, Guan Shang, Guan and other garbage poets are mostly masters of irony.
Fiction.
Yu Jian's poems tend to be fictional or expressive, and are criticized from time to time. Fortunately, he didn't lose his mind, and he didn't die in this matter. Some people who follow in their footsteps distort Confucian classics, replace poetry with things, or harm poetry with things.
Now there is a tendency of non-poetic writing, naturalism or diary writing, which is as terrible and dangerous as fiction. The reason is the poet's desire for poetry after losing his passion and imagination. It is not terrible for some people to write like this. What is terrible is that some famous poets write like this, and some naive people take it as a pioneer. Still beautiful, plain as water.
Without wisdom and light, only records, at most prose, poetry will die.
Cold lyric, also called zero lyric, is not lyric in essence, or even anti-lyric, similar to line drawing. Concrete, objective and calm, as if the machine is taking pictures. Exclude personal feelings of love and hate, shadow and distance. This should be subjective or objective objectification. Yu Jian's refusal metaphor is also a cold lyric. Yang Li's works in Feifei period, such as Weird Man and Villa, are all cold and lyrical specimens. As a result of cold lyricism, lyricism almost became the enemy of poetry. In fact, the result of cold lyric is another kind of lyric.