Robin Delanat? Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) is a famous modern Indian poet, writer and social activist. He wrote a lot of poems, plays, novels, philosophy, politics, music and paintings in his life. All his works constitute an important historical aspect of the Indian Renaissance and the national independence movement, and have a great influence on India's social life and literary and artistic movement.
196 1 On May 7th, Tagore was born in Kolkata, India, a merchant landlord family, belonging to the Baltic race. Kolkata was the political and cultural center of India at that time, and it was also the intersection of eastern and western civilizations. The Tagore family is quite influential in Kolkata's intellectual circles. Grandfather and father are both social activists and scholars, and many brothers and sisters have also made achievements in the field of literature and art. Tagore's boyhood was spent in an atmosphere full of knowledge, wisdom and ideals, influenced by Indian traditional culture and western modern civilization.
Tagore liked reading poems in Vedas and Upanishads since he was a child, and he was fascinated by poetry creation since he was a child. He entered Oriental College, Normal School and Bangladesh College several times, but his rigid school life and rude education methods frightened and disgusted him. He didn't finish his formal studies at school, but was educated by his father and brother at home. His family hired a tutor to teach Sanskrit classics, literature and art. He often takes part in family plays. Besides, he also listened to lively and interesting folk stories told by women, masons, helpers and farmers in the village. In this way, he has a high literary accomplishment since he was a child. He began to write poetry at the age of eight, and published the narrative poem "The Poet's Story" at the age of 17, helping his second brother run the magazine "Bharata".
From 65438 to 0878, Tagore went to England to study according to the wishes of his father and brother. At first, he studied law in order to become a lawyer or a civil servant after returning home. However, his poetic temperament prompted him to transfer to London University to study English literature and study western music. From 65438 to 0880, Tagore, who was baptized by western civilization, returned to his motherland and devoted himself to literary creation. Soon, he followed his father and brother to northern India to get in touch with society and enjoy the magnificent natural scenery. From 65438 to 0884, he joined Brahma Society as a secretary. It lasted for 20 years. At that time, he was like a conservative nationalist and a great writer. Chatterjee initiated a debate on Indian social ideals in a magazine.
This period is the exploration stage of writers' creation. In the famous lyric poems "Song in the Evening" (1882) and "Song in the Morning" (1883), Tagore, who drank the wine of youth, expressed the joy of youth heartily and described sweet love and gorgeous nature. The new moon collection published by 1886 is full of simple maternal love and children's naive fantasies. Tagore is known as a "children's poet" because of the publication of this collection of poems. In a word, Tagore's poetry in this period is like a clear spring, which moistens this lonely land of India and creates a new poetic style.
India was under British colonial rule at that time. British colonialists not only plundered India economically, but also infiltrated India culturally. As a patriotic intellectual in the colony, Tagore was keenly aware that India should play a special role in coordinating eastern and western cultures. He said: "In India, when we can assimilate the eternal things in western civilization in our lives, we will be in a position to coordinate the two great worlds." From then on, Tagore either assisted his father in the social improvement movement in Calcutta or actively explored farmers' problems in the rural manor.
1890, at the request of his father, he took over the family business and settled on a boat passing through the Padma River near his home. He often went boating on the river, wandering around, enjoying the lakes and mountains, making extensive contact with rural society, witnessing the hardships and sufferings of farmers and the tyranny of British colonial authorities. The cruel reality shocked the poet's heartstrings, and he began to attack the landlord exploitation system and express his indignation at the colonial authorities. 1898, he came forward and wrote an article criticizing the persecution of ethnic radical leader Tilak by colonial authorities and denouncing the separatist policy towards Bangladesh. 65438-0894 Vice Chairman of Bangladesh Literature Association.
Tagore's creation in this period is rich and colorful, with nine volumes of poetry, including the excellent poem Rhyme. 1894 wrote the famous poem "Two Mu of Land", 1900 wrote "Story Poetry" on the basis of folk stories, which is the most popular poem in India and a necessary literary textbook for universities, primary schools and colleges. The most important creation in this period is 100 short stories, and many of his well-known works, such as Kabul Man, Suba and Moyamoya, can be included in the world's excellent short stories.
190 1 year, he left his home in Sherida and devoted himself to the educational reform aimed at transforming society. He founded a school in St. Niktan, engaged in children's education experiments. Under his painstaking cultivation, this school developed into an international university for Asian cultural exchange in 192 1.
From 65438 to 0905, Britain pursued the separatist policy of Bangladesh, and India set off the first climax of the national liberation movement. After hearing the news, the poet resolutely left the countryside and went to Galagada to join the national independence movement. He gave speeches, boycotted British goods, led demonstrations and composed many exciting patriotic songs. However, at this time, his thoughts are very contradictory. He not only advocated opposing colonialism, but also fantasized about realizing national autonomy and opposing violent struggle through religious, educational and moral means.
But Tagore is still advancing with the times, and he is not satisfied with his life in the ivory tower. When the British colonists slaughtered unarmed Indian people in amri in 19 19, forcing the Indian people to rise up and set off the second national independence movement, Tagore immediately wrote to the British governor to protest, resolutely giving up the titles and privileges granted by the British government and supporting the mass struggle.
This period is the most brilliant period of Tagore's life creation. Although Tagore's world outlook is often contradictory, he still provides a large number of works reflecting the national independence movement in literature. For example, the novel Gola published by 19 10 describes the social life of India in the 1970s and 1980s from 19, but actually shows the society and its characteristics in the early 20th century. This epic novel describes the struggle of radical nationalists, orthodox Protestants and Brahmins in India on the issue of national independence. He also wrote plays such as Atonement, Stubborn Fortress and Red Oleander, among which Red Oleander has the greatest influence and can be said to have created a new world of drama.
Tagore's poetry reached perfection in this period. 19 12, a collection of lyric poems, gitanjali won the Nobel Prize in Literature. It expresses his passion for the motherland and the people with beautiful lyric style and beautiful poems. 19 13, Tagore published poetry anthologies "Birds" and "Gardener" successively, which filled with love for man and nature and placed greater expectations on man's mission in the world. People must turn the world into heaven instead of looking for it elsewhere, showing a more positive and enterprising spirit than Gitanjali.
19 19, India launched the second national liberation movement. Tagore's thought has also undergone major changes. He gave up the title of Baron conferred on him by the British king as a protest against the British colonists. He ran around looking for a way out for the Indian people. 19 16 visited Japan and the United States, 1920- 192 1 visited France, Denmark, Sweden, Austria and Czechoslovakia, 1924 visited China,1933. He gave speeches in various countries and opposed wars of aggression and colonial rule. He began to reflect on his own thoughts, and mysticism and reformism in his creation were replaced by political enthusiasm and fighting spirit. 1941On August 7th, Tagore's ancestral home in Kolkata passed away.
Tagore's creative career lasted for more than 60 years, leaving a surprising number of literary works. His poems mainly include Gitanjali, Crescent Moon, Gardener, Birds and so on. The main repertoires are Post Office, Mokedo Tara and Red Oleander. Shipwreck and Gora are representative novels. Excellent short stories include Moya Moya and Kabul People.
The ideas expressed in his works are mainly traditional Indian philosophy, but also influenced by western philosophy. He accepted the orthodox philosophy of Hinduism and thought that Brahman, as the universal spirit, and I, as the individual spirit, were essentially the same. The purpose of life is to pursue the unity of Brahma and me and achieve the highest level of happiness. At the same time, he also advocated the complementary theory of eastern and western cultures, and advocated learning from the west, instead of obliterating western ideology with the spirit and emotion of the East, thus forming a unique artistic view.
In terms of poetry creation, he wrote more than 50 poems in Bengali and English, so he has a wide audience all over the world. In terms of poetry writing skills, he was influenced by Indian classical literature and lyric songs of Bangladeshi folk poets. And he appreciates free verse that doesn't rhyme or carve. He said: "It is useless to mark the meter of a poem-you don't need to learn anything from pedants to understand the beauty of a poem. One thing I have noticed is that an unsophisticated mind can understand the loveliness of poetry, but those who analyze it will never understand it. They have lost the essence of their hearts, or never have. The problem is that we must approach poetry with sympathy and affection. " Tagore's free poetry is not a traditional Indian poetry form, so he mainly accepted the influence of western literature in his poetry creation.