According to Biography of Dawan in Historical Records and Biography of the Western Regions in Hanshu, as early as the 2nd century AD, Loulan was a famous "walled country" in the western regions. Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The north-south road of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan.
Office of Chief Historian of Western Regions in Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Period of China. Located in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang. It is named after the Chinese documents unearthed in the site, and is called "Kulolaina" as opposed to "Loulan" and "Lu Luwen". At the beginning of the 20th century, British Stein and others came here many times to steal and dig. After 1950s, China scholars made investigations and excavations.
The ancient country of Loulan is a powerful country among the 36 countries in the Western Regions, bordering Dunhuang and closely related to the Han Dynasty around A.D. The records of the ancient Loulan are based on the Records of Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions, Faxian and Xuanzang. "Records of the Western Regions" records: "Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan, Wang Zhi Qianni City, goes to Yangguan for 1,600 miles and Chang 'an for 6,100 miles. 1570 households, 4.4 1 10,000 people. Fa Xian said: "This land is rugged and barren. The layman's clothes are the same as those of Han, but the carpet is different in brown. Its king obeys the law. There are more than 4,000 monks who know Hinayana Buddhism. " At the end of the trip, Genjyo Sanzo made a simple explanation: "Since then, he has traveled more than 1,000 miles to the northeast, and came to the old country, that is, the land of Loulan. "
Loulan State in Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of Xiongnu, and sometimes belonged to Han, playing with the policy of two-faced, and skillfully maintaining its political life between Han and Xiongnu. Because Loulan is located in the traffic fortress between Han and western countries, Han can't cross this area to fight Xiongnu, and Xiongnu can't threaten Han Dynasty under the guise of Loulan's strength. Both Han and Xiongnu vigorously pursued the policy of softening Loulan.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Bo Wanghou Zhang Qian to Da Yueshi, but failed to conclude an offensive and defensive alliance. Later, he sent troops to crusade against the distant kingdom of Dawan and sent envoys to western countries many times. When these messengers passed through Loulan, Loulan was overwhelmed and even killed the messengers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent troops to crusade against Loulan. As a result, as evidence of surrender, Prince Loulan was sent to the Han Dynasty as a hostage. Loulan also sent a prince to Xiongnu, saying that he was strictly neutral between Xiongnu and Han. Since then, when the Han Expeditionary Force attacked a vassal state of Xiongnu, King Loulan married Xiongnu and set an ambush in China, which angered the Han court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again sent troops to crusade against Loulan, forcing the capital to stand in a mud city. King Loulan was frightened and immediately opened the city gate to apologize. Emperor Wu asked him to monitor the movement of Xiongnu. In 92 BC, King Loulan died, and the prince who was taken hostage in the Han Dynasty returned to the throne. The prince was very sad and didn't want to return to China easily. His younger brother succeeded to the throne. The new king died not long ago, and the Huns took this opportunity to inherit the throne with the former eldest son who was taken hostage in their own country. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was shocked when he heard the news. He quickly sent messengers to persuade the newly established king to come to the Han court to hold him hostage, but he failed. In the next two or three years, there was no major incident between Han and Xiongnu, which was apparently stable. Loulan border is close to Yumen Pass, and China's envoys often travel to western countries through this closed door, passing through the desert named Bailongdui in Loulan. There is often wind in the desert. The wind throws quicksand into the air like a dragon, which makes pedestrians lose their way. The Han Dynasty constantly ordered Loulan Kingdom to provide guides and drinking water. As China's envoy insulted the guide many times, Loulan refused to obey their orders, and their relationship deteriorated. Zhao Han finally sent Fu Jiezi to assassinate the new king. In order to marry the prince who was kidnapped in the Han Dynasty, a Maggie was sent back to Loulan to inherit the throne. But the king was afraid of being assassinated. In the name of protecting the king, Zhao Han sent troops to Tunloulan, thus gaining the initiative to crusade against Xiongnu and other western countries. Since then, the influence of the Han dynasty has weakened, Loulan has declined again, and even died later. 1895 From April to May, Sven Hedin led a team to complete the crossing of Taklimakan Desert from west to east. It was he who learned a lifelong lesson from the disaster of extinction. In the subsequent expedition, he used pencil sketch instead of photography, which actually created a painter with great personal characteristics, leaving more than 5,000 paintings in his life. He couldn't go to Maicheng because of lack of water, which also led to an unforgettable lesson in his exploration career for the next 40 years. One of his great inventions is to choose winter and bring ice to the desert. 1896 65438+1October, he equipped a camel team in Tawakule and continued to cross the sand sea eastward. This time, he found two places. 654381On the evening of October 23rd, the camel team came to a long lifeless ruin, and all the dead branches were as fragile as glass. This is what the locals called Dandan UHRIK-ivory house. The whole site is magnificent and the architectural specifications are extraordinary. This ancient sand-buried city, far from the modern oasis belt, was once an important town in the ancient country of Khotan. Later, Stan, Trinkler and others all excavated here and gained a lot. Its existence at least confirms that the desert oasis pattern in Tarim is very different from today. Dandan Uhrik is a milestone in rebuilding a brilliant ancient city country in the Tarim River Basin, where the development level of ancient western civilization in China is the highest. Later, He Ding also inspected the primitive village of Tunguszibas, crossed the Taklimakan desert from south to north for the first time, confirmed the existence of wild camel paradise, and reached the Rob wasteland, making the "land of Lop Nur" a big step in the "century struggle".
However, this is not the legendary Loulan. However, the explorers never stopped. ...
1899, with the support of King Ruidian and the Nobel Prize, Swing Harding made his second expedition to Xinjiang.
1899 65438+February-65438+February 0900, crossing the Taklimakan desert from east to southwest;
1900 In March, I went to Lop Nur. On March 28th, due to an accidental opportunity, I discovered the ancient city of Loulan.
Visit Lop Nur from April to May 1900 and drift in the lower reaches of Tarim River.
190 1 year1-March, visit lop Nur and explore the Loulan site. ...
An axe, a castle.
On March 28th, 1900, Sven Hedin and his party were on their way to investigate the Lop Nur desert. On the way to find the lost iron axe, Eldik, the donkey worker and guide he hired, met with a desert gale and accidentally found an old castle under the sand. He told Sven Hedin about this discovery. After hearing this, Sven Hedin immediately followed Eldik to this site on the northwest bank of Lop Nur, and found that the ancient site was littered with exquisite wood carvings, fabrics and coins. Sven Hedin had to return for lack of drinking water. After a year of careful preparation, on March 3, 190 1, Sven Hedin made a special trip to this mysterious relic, and conducted a week-long excavation work, and unearthed many cultural relics, such as coins, silk books, grain, pottery, 36 Zhang Wenshu, 120 bamboo slips and several writing brushes ... After Sven Hedin returned to China, After sorting out and analyzing, according to the word Loulan in the unearthed documents, it is determined that this relic is the long-lost ancient city of Loulan. This great discovery shocked the world and won great honor for Sven Hedin.
The road he walked in the vast desert led him to an important ancient city site: Dandan Uhrik, Karadun, Mazatag Fort … until he found the ancient city of Loulan. A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise-this is a very modern explanation.
Today, overlooking the ancient city of Loulan, there is a beacon tower in the northeast corner of the city. Although it has been repaired in different periods in the past dynasties, we can still see the style of the earliest Han dynasty architecture. Southwest of beacon tower is the site of "Three Rooms". This 100 square meter house is built on a high platform, and the middle of the three rooms is wider than the east and west rooms. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sven Hedin excavated a large number of documents in a room in the east. Judging from the big wooden frame left by the west wing of the three rooms, it was once the location of the reclamation office in the city. Continue to the west, it is a big house. In the yard, there are three horizontally arranged houses in the north and south. In the ancient city, this kind of quadrangle building is also relatively ostentatious. In contrast, most of the houses in the south of the mansion are single rooms, short, scattered and shabby. According to the unearthed documents, it is speculated that the frame structure houses adjacent to the three rooms are the official relics of Loulan ancient city.
Loulan was a powerful tribe in the Western Regions in Han Dynasty. They live in the eastern part of Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang, on the northwest edge of Lop Nur. The capital of Loulan people is the famous ancient city of Loulan. According to records, Loulan was a prosperous country at that time, with a prosperous economy, rich products and majestic walls. It was a prosperous country on the Silk Road. Silk, tea, horses from the western regions, grapes and jewels from Chinese mainland were all originally traded through Loulan. Many caravans stopped to have a rest when they passed by. In BC 108, Loulan surrendered to the Han Dynasty and paid tribute to Korea year after year, becoming the confidant of the Han Dynasty at that time. Wang Changling, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, beheaded King Loulan with Fu Jiezi's allusions in "The Fourth Journey to the Army", which showed the determination of the soldiers who participated in the war to fight against the border invasion: the snowy mountains in Qinghai are long, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned.
The ancient city of Loulan was once a paradise for people to live and multiply. It was founded before 176 BC, disappeared and moved out in 630 AD, with a history of more than 800 years. It starts near Guyangguan in the east, reaches the ancient city of Niya in the west, reaches Altun Mountain in the south and Hami in the north. It is surrounded by a vast Lop Nur, in front of which is a clear river. People row boats on the blue waves and hunt in the dense Populus euphratica forest. People are bathed in the gifts of nature. According to Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water because of the diversion of water injection along the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller of Dunhuang led 65,438+10,000 soldiers to Loulan, and summoned 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci to cross the river day and night to divert water into Loulan, thus alleviating the water shortage in Loulan. However, after that, despite Loulan people's best efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned because of lack of water.
In ancient times, it used to be a place with abundant water plants and flat terrain. There was a prosperous Loulan country around A.D., which was a famous Silk Road town at that time. But around the 4th century AD, this once famous country suddenly disappeared mysteriously, leaving people with countless unsolved mysteries: Why did the once prosperous Loulan become so desolate? Why did a kingdom disappear overnight? To what extent has Loulan civilization developed? Today, this historical relic that shocked the world still brings people unsolved mysteries. Loulan City is the early political, economic and cultural center of Loulan Kingdom. Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan in the north and south, and Loulan City was surrounded by mountains and waters. As a transportation hub in the hinterland of Asia, it has played an important role in cultural exchanges between the East and the West. As early as 77 BC, Loulan area was an oasis with developed agriculture in the western regions. In the Tang Dynasty, "Loulan" almost became synonymous with remoteness. In Li Bai's Song of Xia Sai, there is a poem "I would like to bend my sword around my waist to make it a temporary Loulan". Why the once-prosperous western region town quickly withdrew from the historical stage after the 3rd century A.D. is a mystery that has not been really solved so far ... The cultural relics unearthed at Loulan site shocked the world, including the precious manuscripts of the Warring States policy of the Jin Dynasty. Archaeologists also unearthed a female mummy in Loulan's tomb. According to the determination, this mummy has been found for 3000 years. It was named "Loulan Beauty", with complete clothes and delicate face. Other cultural relics include Han brocade with fine workmanship, five baht coins of Han Dynasty, coins of Guangxi and Shuangguo, coins of Tang Dynasty and coins of Chinese language. The walls around the ancient city of Loulan collapsed in many places, leaving only intermittent walls standing alone. The urban area is square, with an area of about100000 square meters. Loulan's panoramic view is broad and dignified, and the dilapidated architectural sites in the city are lifeless, which is particularly desolate and tragic. Overlooking the ancient city of Loulan, there is a beacon tower in the northeast corner of the city. Although it has been repaired in different periods, it can still be seen that it is the earliest architectural style in Han Dynasty. Southwest of beacon tower is the site of "Three Rooms". This 100 square meter house is built on a very high platform, and the middle of the three rooms is wider than the east and west rooms. At the beginning of this century, Sven Hedin excavated a large number of documents and wooden slips in a room in the east. Judging from the big wooden frame left by the west wing of the three rooms, it was once the location of the reclamation office in the city. Continue to the west, it is a big house. In the yard, there are three rooms in the north and three rooms in the south. In the ancient city, the building of this quadrangle is also relatively ostentatious. In contrast, most of the houses in the south of the mansion are short, scattered and shabby. According to the unearthed documents, it is speculated that the frame structure houses adjacent to the three houses are the official relics of Loulan City. The ancient city of Loulan was once a paradise for people to live and multiply. Beside her is a vast Lop Nur, and in front of her is a clear river. People row boats on the blue waves, hunt in the dense Populus euphratica forest, and people bathe in the gifts of nature. According to the Water Classic Note, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water because of the diversion of water injection along the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller of Dunhuang led 654.38+10,000 soldiers to Loulan, and also called 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci to inject water into Loulan day and night to alleviate the water shortage of Loulan. However, after that, despite Loulan people's best efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned because of lack of water.