Why are Ci poems famous? Poetry is written after death, so I also say. It is not poetry that dies, so the poet dies, the word dies, and then the north and the south write. If it weren't for feeding, the singer would die. It is not poetry that prospers Yuefu, but poetry that thrives in North and South.
The meaning of this passage is understandable, but the logic of China people is absurd. Since it is affirmed that "poetry died before ci" and "ci died in the north and south", why did you immediately deny this formulation and say it was "non-poetry death" and "non-ci death"? Since the deceased is a "poet" and "poet", why should we affirm "the death of poetry" and "the death of words" first?
Yu's idea is that poetry should be sung originally, but later poetry lost its function of singing, so there were words to replace it. At this time, people stopped singing poetry and sang lyrics. Therefore, words are poems. After that, Ci also lost its function of singing, so the songs of North and South took its place. At this time, people no longer sing lyrics, but sing North-South songs. However, here, the Yu family did not say that Nanbeiqu is a word. He thinks that all the poems that can be sung are Yuefu. Poetry can also be sung in Yuefu. When poetry can't be sung, poetry is still poetry, but it is no longer a Yuefu. Therefore, he said: it is not that poetry is dead, but that poetry loses its function of Yuefu when it is dead. When a word (poem) can be sung, it is also a Yuefu, and it cannot be said that "poetry prospers Yuefu and dies". Similarly, after the rise of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Yu Shi just lost his musical ability, so it can't be said that Yu Shi died.
Exploring the meaning of Yu's words, in fact, he thought that poetry was all outside Yuefu, but he said, "Poetry died before writing, so the day is over." The meaning and function of the word "Yu" has not been clearly explained so far. Chen "preface" Caotang Poetry Four Sets "cloud:
Waiter, yeyu. No poetry, no poetry, no poetry? He Zi in the East China Sea said,' There are many poems, which distinguish the ancient Yuefu, and the songs of later generations are also from this source. If there are vowels, it is easy to be harmonious; If the popularity is good and the usage is strict, it is difficult. "I looked and looked. He also said: "After the death of poetry, there will be Yuefu, after the lack of Yuefu, there will be poetry, and after the poetry is abolished, there will be songs. ..... Every poem is redundant, every poem is redundant. I knew nothing about poetry, so I covered up the rest.
Hezi in the East China Sea refers to the greetings of Huating (now Songjiang County). These words are found in the poem "Wu Ling Anecdotes Collection Caotang Yu", which was quoted by Chen when he explained Yu. What means from the ancient Yuefu, which comes from "Three Hundred Poems". So "poetic surplus" means the surplus of 300 poems. The word "poetry" should be understood as the Book of Songs. Chen deduced He's theory and drew two very obscure sentences: "I'm not the only poet. No poetry. " It means that all the poems of later generations are the aftermath of the Book of Songs, and there would be no poems of later generations without the aftermath of 300 poems. So "all poems are redundant, all poems are redundant". The poems of later generations are the aftermath of the Book of Songs, and the works that inherit the Book of Songs are all poems. Finally, he said, "I don't know poetry, it's just a cover." The word "poem" refers to the Book of Songs. He laughed at himself for not knowing the Book of Songs, and only said the aftermath of the Book of Songs-words.
The word "poem" used in this preface has different meanings and is difficult to understand. Literati in Ming Dynasty all like to write this kind of "evil letter". In the same book, there is another "preface to Qin Shi Qi" cloud:
For 300 years, all poems are redundant, that is to say, Sao Fu is a poem, Yuefu is a Sao Fu, Ci is Yuefu, vocal music is a word, which has been handed down from vocal music and poetry to subordination, and there are also poems and fishing songs. In other words, singing, lyrics and Yuefu are all poems.
This paper also gives play to He Hechen's viewpoint and regards Ci as the Book of Songs. The Sound of Song is a guide to the Northern Song Dynasty. Ning Wu wrote the rhyme of Rong Yuan, and the first cloud in his Fa Fan is:
Ci originated in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. Tracing back to its system, Liang Wudi's "Jiangnan Lane" and Shen Yinhou's "Six Records" are also gradually unfolding. The purpose of poetry into words is to write poems, so it is necessary to discuss its non-generality. Qu Zi's Li Sao, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's Autumn Wind and Tao Jingjie's Return are also nouns, which have long been named after words. From today's words, Jin and Yuan used the word name to return the song of the North and the South, or called the word. The words are the same; After the poem, I was alone. Gu Shi said that there are few poems, and the names are not miscellaneous, so it is necessary to use poetry. There are still a number of Ci Yun, from sinking to cherishing the old.
Wu believes that Ci originated from Qi-Liang style poems, which is enough to be called "poetry surplus". Ci is also a common name. Chu ci, six ci, and Nanbei qu can all be called ci, which is no different from that of Huajian and Caotang. Therefore, he advocated the use of "Yu Shi" as a word to correct the name, specifically referring to this literary form. However, although Wu holds this view, his Poetry Rhyme was revised on the basis of Shen's Poetry Rhyme, and it is inconvenient to change its name to Poetry Rhyme.
In the history of literature, word has always been used instead of word. "Ci" is a stylistic proper noun, and "Ci" is a generic term, such as lyrics and ci. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some people wrote "Chu Ci" as "Chu Ci". Although Nanbei Qu was also called Ci in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was gradually called Qu in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Therefore, the meaning of "Ci" evolved from a generic name to a proper name in the Song Dynasty, but it was fixed after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and became a proper name in a literary form, which will not be confused with Ci in Chu, Han, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Wu advocates "Shi Ying" as the proper name of the word, and there is no need to discuss whether it should be. From what he said, "Poetry becomes a word, which is called poetry, so it can be said that it is not general?" This sentence seems to indicate that he is aiming at Wilson, and Wang divides poetry and Yuefu into two systems. He thought that Ci originated from Yuefu, so he denied it as "poetic surplus". Wu believes that Ci is evolved from poetry, so it should be called "poetry". However, his poems such as Jiangnan Nong and Liu Yi are all Qi Liang Yuefu, which shows that his concepts of Yuefu and poetry are confused. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wang's Ci Summary said:
Poems and short sentences are meaningful, and the exercise questions of "South Wind" and "Song of Five Thousand" are already. Thirty-one Zhou Zhifu, with eighteen long and short sentences; There are 19 articles in Song of Sacrifice to the Suburb in Han Dynasty, among which long and short sentences rank fifth. To "Little Brother Rao" 18, they are all long and short sentences. What is the origin of nonverbal words? In the Six Dynasties, the songs of "Jiangnan" and "Picking Lotus" were not far from Yisheng, so they became poets, and the four tones were still not harmonious. From ancient poetry to modern poetry, five or seven-character quatrains spread to Lingguan Music Department, and long and short sentences had nothing to rely on, so they had to be more lyrical. In the heyday of Kaiyuan, poems by Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling were broadcast in the flag pavilion, and poems by Bodhisattva Li Bai were also sung. Ancient poetry is to Yuefu, and the body is to Ci, which is not in order. It is hardly a general theory to say that poetry is reduced to words, and words are poems.
The concept of this article is relatively clear. Wang believes that ci has two characteristics: its form is long and short sentences, and its function is Yuefu songs. Taking these two characteristics as the standard: Looking for the history of literature, Nanfeng, Wuqian, Zhou Song and Han Yuefu all have these two characteristics, so it is considered that the origin of ci lies in ancient Yuefu. This view is the same as that of Yuefu, but it only puts forward a special symptom: there is a singing method, but it does not directly put forward Yuefu. Regarding the meaning of the word "long and short sentences", Wang shares the same view with many people since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It is believed that long and short sentences are long and short sentences as long as the syntax is irregular. He doesn't seem to know that the Tang people regard seven-character sentences as long sentences and five-character sentences as short sentences. The so-called long and short sentences refer to the poetic style of mixed syntax of five or seven words Although the syntax of ancient Yuefu is uneven, it can't be called long and short sentences.
In addition, Wang believes that the man-made seven wonders in the Tang Dynasty are poems, while Li Bai's Bodhisattva Man is a word, and both of them are parallel at the same time, so they cannot be judged as poems. This view is also insufficient. The prototype of the May 7th quatrain and Bodhisattva Man is also Yuefu poetry in the Tang Dynasty, and there is no boundary between modern poetry and ci. The above two points are not carefully examined by Wang's argument. Li Tiaoyuan wrote "Yucun Thorn", and the preface also talked about this poem:
Words are not poems, but the source of poems. Thirty-one Zhou Zhifu, with eighteen long and short sentences; In the Han Dynasty, there were 19 songs of worship in the suburbs, and the long and short sentences belonged to five. Song of Zhou Xiao has eighteen short poems, all of which are long and short sentences. Since the heyday of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling have circulated quatrains in Qiting, and Li Bai, Bodhisattva Man and other words have orchestral strings, which are actually ancient Yuefu. Poetry first has Yuefu and then ancient style, then ancient style and then modern poetry. Yuefu is a long and short sentence, and long and short sentences are an old saying. Therefore, words are not poems, but the source of poems.
Although this article seems to completely copy Wilson's article, the conclusion is different. Wang takes ancient modern poetry as one system, and ancient and modern Yuefu songs as another system; However, Li believes that today's ci is an ancient Yuefu, while ancient poetry originated from Yuefu. Therefore, Ci is neither a poem nor an ancient Yuefu. Because the word itself, like the ancient Yuefu, comes from poetry, so his conclusion is that the word is the source of poetry. Based on this point of view, Li classified the songs and poems of Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling and Li Bai's Bodhisattva Man as ancient Yuefu, which was different from Wang's Yuefu. Song Xiangfeng's Yue Fu Yu Lun also has a passage explaining "Yu Shi":
It is said that the poet Xu began to use words from the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty, such as the clear voice of Dabai, that is, to go to Yuefu. Taibai remembers that Qin E and Bodhisattva Man are both changes of quatrains, which are the power of poetry, and the gambling and singing of banners and pavilions are all seven-character sentences. Later, when I arrived in the Ten Kingdoms, I argued for long and short sentences, ranging from one word at least to two words and seven words at most, in order to suppress its voice. However, the style of Yuefu changed, and the words were actually poems, hence the name "poetry".
The author thinks that Ci evolved from quatrains in Tang Dynasty, so it should be named "Yu Shi". He does not deny the tradition of Yuefu, but he thinks that poetry has changed, and then "Yuefu style has changed", but this view is upside down. Jiang's "Ci Shuo" has a comment on "poetry":
Jade is one of the most famous works and the most misunderstood one. So the poet became famous, and then left scales and claws, and the rest was in the text; Smoke rises ink, more than words; Satire is more than words; Anger and abuse are not limited to words, that is, boring rewards, venting boredom and relieving aldehyde, not limited to words. It is also appropriate to treat this word as a filthy market and send the rest. Should be far away and elegant, the longer you stay. This is covered by the pronoun research in Ming Dynasty. The person who achieved this was the king of Sheng 'an and Fengzhou, and the person who caused this was actually mistaken for the word "poem". Today, the urgent task is to correct the names of words, and the word "poetry" must not be superficial, hoping to blame it.
In this paper, "poetry" is interpreted as a poet's leisure, and several materials that are not suitable for writing poetry are written into words. Therefore, poetry retains its elegant character, while ci becomes a vulgar literature. The name "Yu Shi" reflects the modesty of Ci. Jiang lamented that the reason why Ci was depressed was because the Ming people didn't have a high understanding of Ci and the style of Ci was disrespectful, so the style of Ci declined. Therefore, he opposed the name "Yu Shi", and his opinion was just the opposite of that of Ning Wu. Kuang Zhouyi's HSBC Thorn: Another Explanation of "Poetry";
The "pity" in the poem is the solution of surplus. In the Tang Dynasty, a poem was written in the morning, orchestral music was paid at night, and harmony was often added. All harmonies are filled with real words and they become words. Words have more emotional rhythms than poems, so they are called poems. Secularism, if this word is the redundant meaning of poetry, it will misunderstand the word "Yu"
In this sense, the origin of Kuang Ci still follows Zhu's theory of "easy to pan-sound as real words", but he also said that the rhythm of Ci is "more than poetry", which covers the ideological content of Ci. He thinks that the content, diction and musicality of words surpass poetry, so it is called poetry. He understood "taking righteousness as poetry" as a misunderstanding and directed his finger at Jiang. Since Yang Yongxiu, the interpretation of "Yu Shi" can be represented by the above schools. Most of them argue from the stylistic origin of words, and those who admit the name of "poetry" think that words originate from poetry. But there are differences between them, either from 200 poems, or from modern poems in Tang Dynasty, or from quatrains. People who don't agree with the name "poem" think that the word originated from Yuefu, which can sing, but poetry can't sing, so the word belongs to Yuefu, not poetry. Some people take a compromise view that although ci originated from ancient Yuefu, it actually originated from 300 Poems. Therefore, although Ci can be called Yu Shi, its inheritance system is still in ancient Yuefu. Based on these arguments, their different opinions are all on the word "poem", but their thoughts on the word "metaphor" are the same, and they all understand the meaning of the word "metaphor".
Jiang He and Kuang Zhouyi's explanation is novel. Kuang's concept of "poem" is the same as Song Xiangfeng's, but his concept of "Yu" is his original creation, but his explanation is probably very reluctant. Jiang interprets "poetic language" as "poet's interest in language", which has nothing to do with the viewpoint of the origin of style.
Although there is no positive explanation in the works of Song people, we can find many opinions from some fragmentary remarks, which are the source of Jiang's theory. There is a cloud in Xiao Wen Hou Lu:
When Yan Shuyuan was in charge of Xutian Town, Yingchang Prefecture, he wrote long and short sentences and became the commander-in-chief of Han Dynasty in the prefecture. "Shao Shi Daily" said: "Those who get new words are full of books, and those who cover more than one inch are immoral. I hope that Lang Jun will lose his talents and make up for his shortcomings, which is beyond the reach of the old ministers. "
The so-called "talented people" here don't mean to write lyrics by voice, but to praise their rich talents. But a hundred years later, the king called "Ci" a preface, saying:
Uncle Yan used to be a minister and was extremely rich, which was a kind word. His old guests in the yamen still want to lose their talents, but they have not achieved virtue. Uncle Yan used to be famous for his ci, but his articles were not circulated. At least swimming, Lu Zhi has both.
This is obviously a misunderstanding of Han's words. Han Yi suggested that Xiao Yan cultivate virtue instead of becoming a literary talent. However, Wang explained that it is more talented to write poetry than to write poetry. He thinks that "those who have more talents" refer to words, while "those who have less virtue" refer to "other words", which reflects his view that words are things beyond poetry.
Huang Tingjian's preface to Poems on the Mountain, also known as Yan Shuyuan's Ci, is "played in Yuefu, but with poet syntax." He called the ci "beyond Yuefu" and thought that Xiaoshan ci would not be reduced to a common singer in the alley, because they also had "poet's syntax". Therefore, in the next article, he defined Xiao Yan's ci as "an elegant person who is evil and an advocate of heroes". We can see Huang Tingjian's view of Ci here. He thinks that Ci is the aftermath of Yuefu, which is a popular song in the alley. If you use the poet's syntax like Yan Shuyuan, you can turn vulgarity into elegance. Yuefu is the form of ci, and poetry is the style of ci. In this way, the meaning of "poetry" is slightly revealed. Since then, there are some materials that can be combined to discuss:
"In addition to public chanting, it also overflowed into lyrics, and Hirayama Collection is widely circulated in the world." (Postscript to Miro Ouyang Xiu's "Near Body Yuefu")
"Right male, the" art ",for sejong Confucianism. In addition to calligraphy, as lyrics, it is also wonderful. " (Focus on the topic "Shilin Ci")
"Mr. Zhupo and the teacher have a small curtain, Zhang Youshi. A little longer, swim from Liguxi. Instead of discussing it, it is because the predecessors' compositions have been collected, and the largest one has been exposed in the Han and Tang Dynasties, while Li Ling is elegant and famous all his life. When it laughs, it overflows into an action, so it is beautiful and elegant. Is it a painstaking and deliberate person? " (Sun Jing's Preface to Zhu Po's Long and Short Sentences)
"The poems of Tang and Song Dynasties are beneficial to the humble, while the poems of Yuefu are quaint and exquisite, which are common in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Chen Wu's poems are wonderful in the world, suitable for the rest of the work, but not easy to understand. " (Postscript of Lu You, "The Long and Short Sentences of Houshan")
Although none of the above articles directly put forward the word "poetry", the concept of treating lyrics as a poet's spare time is very obvious. As for the formation of this concept, it also has its historical tradition. Kong Zhongni said, "If you have spare capacity, you should study literature." The purpose of Confucius' education is to cultivate people's moral behavior first, and then to learn literature, so learning literature is a remnant of virtue. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu was an ancient prose writer and wrote poems, but he said; "I am a poet." Writing poetry has become a part of studying literature. From then on, the poet began to write lyrics. Isn't the lyrics a poet's spare time? Jiang's interpretation of "Yu Shi" is different from that of the previous generation, and he did not quote such comments from Song people, which made people think that he was talking to himself in an attempt to humble the status of Ci. In fact, I think his explanation is reasonable and well-founded, which accords with the concept of Ci in Song Dynasty. "Poetry" is only a poet's spare time, or it can be said that it is spare time, not an amateur genre of poetry or Yuefu. Now we can be clear that in the Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "poet leisure" existed, but the term "poetic leisure" did not appear. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, someone compiled a collection of poems, attached lyrics to it, and added a category called "poetry", so the term appeared. However, at this time, "Yu Shi" is not another name for this word, and even at this time, even the term "word" has not been established. As long as you look at the materials cited above, whenever it comes to the literary form of ci, Shao Bowen calls it "long and short sentences", Huang Tingjian calls it "beyond Yuefu", Robbie and Guan Yu call it "ci", Sun Jing calls it "dynamic" and Lu You calls it "Yuefu Ci". The use of the word "Ci" here is just that Wang Gu said in Preface to Zhou Shu that "Uncle Yuan is only named after Ci", but this word is not a noun in literary form, but a provincial text of "Ci" and "Song".
After a period of time, booksellers copied the "poetry surplus" part of the Collection of Famous Poems and published it separately, so it was named "someone's poetry surplus", and "Caotang poetry surplus" and "group work poetry surplus" appeared in the Selected Poems. At this time, the word "after the poem" cannot be used alone, and the subject name must be added to indicate that this is someone's "after the poem". Throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, no one described making a word as a poem.
It was not until the Ming Dynasty that Zhang Yancai wrote a musical score entitled Poems. Since then, "poetry" has become another name for words. Since Yang Yongxiu, the vast majority of poets have always interpreted this term as poetic variation, which has been controversial. It's all wrong.