Song Ci was born in a family of emperors and generals, and his father's name was Gong. He used to be an official in Guangzhou. The juvenile of Song Ci was educated by Zhu's disciple Wu Zhi. Therefore, Song Ci has the opportunity to associate with famous scholars at that time. Song Ci entered imperial academy at the age of twenty. Zhen, who presided over imperial academy at that time, was a famous Neo-Confucianism. I really found that the articles in Song Ci came from the heart and showed his feelings, so I valued him very much. The early teachers and friends of Song Ci had a great influence on his academic progress and later thoughts.
Ning lived in Jiading for ten years (12 17), and was admitted to the second division of Jinshi. The court sent him to Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province as a junior officer (in charge of public security in a county), but he did not go to his post because of his father's funeral. In the second year of Song Lizong Baoguang (1226), Song Ci became the main book of Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province, and officially embarked on his official career. Shao Ding participated in military activities for one to three years under the protection of Zheng Xing. Up to now, Chen Kun and Li Hua, the supervisor, have been arrested to pacify the seventy-two villages in Liancheng, and Song Ci is the counselor.
Less than four years (1232), Song Ci made great achievements and was appointed as the chief executive of a county in Changting, Fujian. In the first year of Jiaxi (1237), he served as the presiding judge of Shao (administrative assistant of the prefecture magistrate), and in the second year of Jiaxi (1238), he was transferred to Nanjian. In the first year of Chunyou (124 1), I learned about Changzhou military. In seven years, Chunyou was appointed as the criminal officer of Zhimi Pavilion in Hunan and served as the envoy of the imperial court. The following year, I entered the Baomo Pavilion to serve the Fourth Road (the Song Dynasty divided the world into different roads, which is equal to the current provinces), all of which are high-level affairs. In the ninth year of Chunyou (1249), Ba Zhihuan learned about the ambassadors of Guangzhou and Guangdong (responsible for military and political affairs along the way).
In his career of more than 20 years, Song Ci served as a senior criminal officer for four times, and then as a four-way envoy in the Zhibao Museum, which is also a matter of "noble people". It can be seen that Song Ci worked in judicial prisons all his life. Long-term professional work has enabled him to accumulate rich experience in forensic examination. Song Ci rehabilitated countless unjust cases. He believes that "prison matters are more important than opening up, opening up is more important than initial feeling, and initial feeling is more important than inspection" (from the preface of Injustice Collection), insisting on "post-trial review" and attaching importance to on-site inspection. He also pointed out that "every woman who is examined should not be ashamed to avoid it" and "when examining women, we must see where there is no injury [65438+].
Song Ci died in the office of an envoy in Guangzhou at the age of 64. Song Lizong personally inscribed the tomb door for him, paying tribute to the outstanding life of Song Ci. Later, Song Ci's cemetery was moved to the northwest of Maocun Village, Chongluo Township, Jianyang City, Fujian Province.
In his epitaph, Liu Kezhuang said, "Listen to the lawsuit clearly, decide the Congo, be kind and generous, and be arrogant. It belongs to the officials of the Ministry, even to the poor committees and lanes, and to the people in the deep mountains and valleys. If there is a song to judge, it is in front of them. During this period, Song Ci paid special attention to on-site inspection when dealing with prison proceedings. He synthesized, examined and refined the works on corpse examination handed down from ancient times, and combined with his rich practical experience, he completed the systematic forensic work "Collection of Injustice".
The author applied Chinese medicine, which was in the leading position in the world at that time, to prison inspection, and comprehensively summarized the practical experience of government officials' prison inspection since the pre-Qin period, making it systematic and theoretical. Therefore, once this book was published, it became a necessary book for prison officials at that time and later, and it was almost regarded as the golden rule, and its authority even exceeded the relevant laws promulgated by the feudal court. For more than 750 years, this book has been translated into Korean, Japanese, French, English, Dutch, German, Russian and other languages. Until now, many countries are still studying it. Its far-reaching influence has left a glorious page in the history of Chinese and foreign medicine, forensic medicine and science and technology. The scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, which runs through it, is still shining and worth carrying forward.
At that time, Neo-Confucianism prevailed in Zhu Cheng. During the reign of Song Lizong (A.D. 1225 ~ 1264), Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism was promoted to the supreme position and became the undisputed official ruling thought. Its representatives, such as Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu, were named Chun Gong, Chun Gong and Wen Gong respectively, and they worshipped the Confucius Temple with great glory. It can be seen that the influence of Neo-Confucianism at this time is great. Song ci in the TV series "Da Song Xing Guan"
As Zhu's hometown and later school, Song Ci received systematic education and long-term edification from Neo-Confucianism. When I was a teenager, I was employed by my fellow countryman "Kaoting (Zhu's residence is also his name)" Wu Zhi. After entering imperial academy, he was really appreciated by the famous Neo-Confucianist and disciple Zhu at that time and studied under him. After being a scholar, I have been an official for many years. By nature, such a person must have a strong idealist philosophy.
However, Song Ci shows a materialistic tendency in the theory and practice of forensic medicine. In his masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, there is no empty idealistic preaching of Neo-Confucianism, and the spirit of seeking truth is strongly advocated. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism holds that "everything in heaven and earth is just a principle", and the body of human heart embodies reason or righteousness, "wholeheartedly, Zhan Ran is empty and bright, and everything is sufficient" and "everything is in one heart". In other words, I have everything in my heart and don't need to ask for it. If you act according to this, you don't need to know the reality of the outside world at all, just think with your heart. Song ci is just the opposite. He turned Zhu's idealistic "poverty and reason" into a materialistic epistemological principle, not a heartfelt "poverty and reason", but seeking truth from facts.
At that time, state and county officials often entrusted life-threatening prison matters to newly elected officials or soldiers with no practical experience, who were easily deceived; In addition, some people are afraid of hardship and dirt, do not conduct on-the-spot investigation of the case, or even go to the crime scene, but are "eager to see, cover their noses and disdain", so it is inevitable that there will be mistakes in judgment and even confusion between right and wrong, resulting in countless unjust imprisonment.
As a prison officer, Song Ci hated this phenomenon and strongly opposed it. In the process of hearing lawsuits and reasoning about punishment, he put human life first and sought truth from facts. He said: "Cisi has written to (law enforcement officers). He's not long. He works alone in prison. He dare not be a little slow. " This confession is indeed a portrayal of his serious attitude in serving his sentence for many years. He paid special attention to the actual inspection of the case and thought: "Prison matters are more important than the monarch, the monarch is more important than the first love, and the first love is more important than the inspection. Cover the right of life and death, and there is a chance to bend over and stretch out, so I will decide. " It means that beheading is the heaviest punishment, which is determined by the facts of the crime, and the facts of the crime must be tested before they can be identified, so the result of the test is often life and death. Only in this way, the inspection must not be perfunctory and go through the motions, but must be serious and responsible, "seeking truth from facts" and must find out the true situation of the case. "It is important to judge without losing money." To do this, Song believes that inspection officials must "see for themselves". No matter where the crime occurs, we should also "visit the body personally" and "avoid serious injury" Otherwise, it should be punished with a stick for dereliction of duty. Even if the case happened in summer and the body smelled bad, the inspection official "must be single-minded and can't avoid odor."
Another outstanding performance of Fei Song's clay teacher education is his attitude towards corpses, especially whether he can expose and examine the hidden parts of corpses. According to the dogma of "seeing, listening, speaking, and behaving indecently" and "there is no delusion inside, and there is no madness outside" in Neo-Confucianism, when examining a corpse, the hidden parts should be covered up to avoid suspicion of "delusion" and "madness". Because of the actual need of inspection, Song Ci completely broke the forbidden area of corpse inspection by contradicting the ethical concepts and specific practices at that time. He warned the inspection officials that no one should cover the secret place, and all the holes must be "carefully inspected" to see if there are deadly foreign objects such as needles and knives inserted into them. In particular, it is pointed out that "anyone who tries women cannot avoid it" and should be carried to "a bright and stable place" If the deceased is a rich girl, it is necessary to carry the body to the road for inspection, "so that everyone can see it and avoid suspicion." Neo-Confucianism, that is, Taoism, is too "evil" to examine corpses like this. However, it is very necessary to find out the case and prevent relevant personnel from using this ethical concept to cover up the truth of the case. What is commendable is that Song resolutely obeyed the reality and swept away the Taoist spirit. It is precisely because the Song family was born in Zhumen that it is inconvenient to publicly criticize idealism like other thinkers such as Chen family and Ye Shi in the same period. However, he advocated the materialistic thought of seeking truth with his own behavior and scientific works, which has the same positive significance as Chen and Ye's criticism.
Song's spirit of seeking truth from facts is also reflected in the specific examination of the body. Examining a corpse, that is, diagnosing the cause of death for the deceased, is highly technical and difficult for the diagnosis of the living. We should not only have a good ideological and moral character, but also have a deep medical and pharmaceutical foundation and master many scientific knowledge and methods. Song ci, born in Confucianism, has no relevant scientific knowledge such as medicine. In order to make up for this deficiency, on the one hand, he assiduously studied medical works and applied relevant physiological, pathological, pharmacological and toxicological knowledge and diagnostic methods to investigate the reality of casualties; On the other hand, we should conscientiously sum up the experience of our predecessors. In the inspection practice for many years, we have spared no effort to make the inspection methods diversified and scientific in order to prevent "missing supervision" and "scheduled inspection errors". Judging from the book Remedy Collection, which has been handed down to this day, the variety, comprehensiveness and accuracy of the inspection methods contained in it are unprecedented. This is also the most exciting and high-tech content in the book.
In Yi Yuan Ji, some inspection methods belong to the category of experience, but they are consistent with modern science, which is amazing. For example, if you use an umbrella dipped in bright oil to examine the bones, it is an example: "After autopsy, the bones were damaged, but the traces were not there. If you spill the corpse with distiller's grains and vinegar, cover it with new oil silk or umbrella in the open air where you want to see it, and look through the umbrella when you meet the sun, and the traces will appear immediately. If it rains, take hot charcoal as shade. This good law is also. " "Cover the bones with a red umbrella. If there is a bone bump, there is a red road and a slight yin; At the fracture site, there is blood halo color at both ends of the extension; Looking at the sun with traces of bones, Hong Huo was clearly beaten before he died. If there is no shadow of blood on the bone, even if there is damage, it is a trace after death. " Like modern ultraviolet radiation, this kind of bone damage examination uses optical principles. It's just that Song Ci was limited to the level of science and technology at that time and was in an unconscious state. Bones are opaque objects that selectively reflect sunlight. When the light passes through the bright oil umbrella or the new oil silk umbrella, part of the light that affects observation is absorbed, and it is easy to see scars. As discussed in the book, the hanging method is almost the same as the contemporary artificial respiration method. There are rotten, vinegar, Bai Mei, gallnut and other drugs. It can prevent external infection, eliminate inflammation and repair wounds. It also conforms to the principles of modern science, but the drugs used are different. Wait, the list goes on. By using and recording these methods, the author aims to find out the real cause of death and injury, which embodies the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts.