"Autumn wind is blowing, and Dongting waves are under the leaves." ("Nine Songs") Since the beginning of this touching poem, its vivid image has influenced later generations of poets, and many poems that have been recited by people have been inspired from here. For example, Xie Zhuang's Yuefu said: "The Dongting begins to wave, and the leaves are slightly separated." Lu Jue (3) also said in "Song of Sacrificing the King on the Riverside": "Under the leaves, Jiang Bolian, the autumn moon shines on the clouds and rests on the mountain." As for Wang Bao's famous sentence "Crossing Hebei": "Autumn wind blows the leaves of wood, like waves in Dongting." The impact is even more obvious. Here we can see that "Muye" has become a favorite image of poets.
What is "konoha"? Literally, "wood" means "tree" and "wood leaf" means "leaf", which seems to need no more explanation; But the question is why we seldom see the usage of "leaf" in ancient poetry. In fact, "trees" are common. For example, in Ode to Oranges, Qu Yuan said, "After the Emperor, the trees are beautiful and the oranges are attractive." And Huainan Mountain ⑤' s "Recruit Hermits" also said: "There are many osmanthus trees in the mountains." Anonymous's ancient poem also said: "There are strange trees in the court, and the green leaves are gorgeous." But why are "leaves" not common? Generally speaking, when you meet a "leaf", you will call it "leaf" for short. For example, "Leaf birds fly, the wind is light and the flowers fall late." (Xiao Gang ⑥ "Folding Willow")
Precautions:
(1) Selected from A Comprehensive Review of Tang Poetry (People's Literature Publishing House, 1987).
(2) 【 Xie Zhuang (42 1-466) 】 Southern Dynasty poet. The word Yi Xi. My ancestral home is Chen Xia (now Taikang, Henan).
(3) 【 Lu Jue (427-499) 】 Southern Dynasty poet. Word, Wu (now Suzhou) people.
(4)[ Wang Bao (about 5 13-576)] a poet of the Northern Dynasties. Zizi Garden. My ancestral home is Langxie Linyi (now Shandong).
⑤ [Huainan Mountain] Poet of Han Dynasty. Huai 'an Wang Liu 'an.
⑥ [Xiao Gang (503-55 1)] that is, Emperor Jian Wen of the Southern Dynasties was a palace poet.
"Moonlight leaves burn." (Tao Yuanming's "Antique") Of course, this can also be said to be the tempering of the poet's words, but this explanation can't solve the problem, because when you meet "Konoha", the situation is obviously different; It seems that the poet no longer thinks about writing, but tries his best to write famous sentences and spread them to the crowd through "Muye", for example, "Under the leaves of Gao Ting, the early autumn flies." (Liu Yun (1) "Yi Dao Shi") "I heard that the cold of Xunzi shook the leaves, and the Liaoyang expedition will go for ten years." (Shen Quanqi (2) "Ancient Meaning") It can be seen that washing cannot be used as a special reason for the word "Ye", so why has the word "Ye" never been asked? At least it never produced a beautiful poem. And that's exactly what happened. Ever since Qu Yuan discovered the mystery of "Mu Ye" with amazing genius, poets since then have refused to let it go easily. So once used again, practice makes perfect; In the language of poetry, it is not limited to the word "konoha". For example, Du Fu's famous poem "Climbing Up" said: "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I think the long river always rolls forward." This is a well-known saying, and the "falling wood" here is undoubtedly developed from the "wood leaf" in Qu Yuan's Nine Songs. According to our usual thinking, it seems that the word "leaf" should not be omitted. For example, we might as well say "there are endless leaves rustling", wouldn't it be more clear? However, the genius Du Fu would rather leave out the "leaf" of "konoha" than give up the "wood" of "konoha". What is the reason for this? In fact, before Du Fu, Yu Xin -3 had already said in "Jiangnan Fu": "When you leave the hole, you will fall down, and when you leave the sun, you will flourish." Here we can see that the word "falling wood" is not accidental. Ancient poets borrowed from predecessors' creation and created in their own study, which made China's poetic language so colorful. This is just a small example.
The key to the development from "wood leaf" to "fallen leaf" is obviously the word "wood", which is also the difference from "leaf" or "fallen leaf". Needless to say, "leaves" are rarely used in ancient poetry; Is "fallen leaves", although common, but it is also a general image. It turns out that the subtlety of poetic language is different from the general concept, and almost it will be much worse; This shows that the language of poetry cannot rely solely on concepts. Conceptually speaking, "konoha" is "leaf", and there is nothing to argue about; But when it comes to thinking in images of poetry, the latter is ignored, while the former is developing constantly. As bold and creative as "leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall", do people who are not afraid of die-hard mistake wood for falling from the sky? But our poet Du Fu would rather take the risk and create a vivid poem handed down from generation to generation. This adventure, this image, is actually on the word "wood", but isn't the origin of this word worth thinking about? Let's analyze the word "wood" first.
(1) [Liu Yun (465-5 17)] Southern Dynasty poet. The words are fluent. Hedong boundary (now Xie Xian County, Shaanxi Province) people.
② [Shen Quanqi (about 656- about 7 14)] was a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. The word yun Qing. Xiangzhou Neihuang (now Henan) people.
③ [Yu Xin (5 13-58 1)] was a poet of the Northern and Southern Dynasties with a good name. My ancestral home is in Xinye, Nanyang (now Henan).
First of all, it seems to be necessary to study where ancient poets used the word "wood". In other words, under what circumstances can the word "wood" just constitute a subtle poetic language; In fact, they are not used everywhere. In that case, they will become "universal ingots". It is no accident that since Qu Yuan began to use autumn leaves accurately, poets from then on, no matter Xie Zhuang, Lu Jue, Liu Yun, Wang Bo, Shen Quanqi, Du Fu and Huang Tingjian, have made vivid images in autumn scenery. For example, Wu Jun's Answer to Liu Yun said: "The autumn moon shines on the mountains, and the cold wind sweeps the tall trees." Can I use "big tree" here? Sure; Cao Zhi's "Wild Yellowbird Tour" said: "I hate many trees in Taiwan, and the sea waves." This is also a famous sentence throughout the ages, but the image of "hating too many trees on Taiwan" here has not fallen leaves, while "the cold wind sweeps the tall trees" is obviously a scene of falling leaves. The former is about to express the grievances as deep as the tide by the blowing of leaves, where the more leaves, the fuller the feelings; The latter is the situation that there are fewer and fewer leaves. Isn't the so-called "sweeping the high wood" the emptiness of "falling the wood"? However, the "towering tree" is full, while the "towering tree" is empty; This is the difference between "wood" and "tree". "Wood" is simpler than "tree" here, and the so-called "dying mulberry leaves and knowing the wind" seems to be closer to "wood"; It seems to contain a deciduous factor, which is the first artistic feature of "wood".
To explain why "wood" has such characteristics, we can't help but touch the suggestibility in poetic language. This suggestibility seems to be the shadow of the concept, which is often hidden behind the scenes. If you don't pay attention, you won't notice its existence. Sensitive and cultured poets are trying to understand all the potential forces in language images and interweave these potential forces with the meanings in concepts, thus becoming colorful words; It affects us unconsciously; It's very infectious and inspiring here, too. And "wood" is the concept of "tree", which has the general shadow of "wood", "wood" and "board", and this potential image often affects us to think more about trunk and less about leaves, because leaves are not wood, so "leaves" are often excluded from the image of "wood", which is why they are excluded. What about the "tree" It has lush branches and leaves, and it and the "leaves" have dense dark associations. As the saying goes: "The beautiful trees in the afternoon are clear and round." (Zhou Bangyan (5) "Man Fang Ting") If you use the word "wood" here, you will lack a more realistic image of "noon yin". But the images of "tree" and "leaf" are not exclusive, but very consistent; It is precisely because there is too much agreement between them that "leaf" will not bring more than one single word "leaf". The word "Ye" has never been seen in classical poems that are used to words. As for "konoha", it is completely different. Here we need to talk about the second artistic feature of "wood" in image.
(1) 【 Universal Ingot 】 A panacea. Yuanbao, pills.
(2) [Wu Jun (469-520)] Southern Dynasty poet. Uncle Zi. Xing Wu passed away (now Anji, Zhejiang).