Section 1 "New Youth" and the May 4th New Culture
May 4th New Culture Movement
The May 4th New Culture Movement is an ideological and cultural innovation and literary revolutionary movement of "anti-tradition, anti-Confucianism and anti-classical Chinese" initiated by Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun and Li Dazhao around the May 4th Movement.
Advocate democratic science, oppose old morality, advocate new morality, oppose old literature and advocate new literature, focusing on "reforming young people's thoughts and coaching young people's cultivation." This movement dealt a heavy blow to the traditional ethics that ruled China for more than two thousand years, stimulated people's democratic consciousness, promoted the development of modern science in China, and laid the ideological foundation for the May 4th patriotic movement.
1.1965438+In September 2005, Chen Duxiu founded New Youth, which marked the beginning of the new cultural movement.
2. New Youth became the first modern magazine in China because of its contribution and influence on China's cultural innovation and social revolution.
3. The main new ideas and new cultures spread by New Youth:
(1) Democracy and science.
(2) Criticism of old morality, old ideas and old culture.
(3) The "takenism" of world culture widely introduces and absorbs western culture.
Section 2 Vernacular Literature and "Human Literature"
China's modern literature, marked by the May 4th literary revolution, has stepped into the process of literary modernization in an all-round way.
May 4th literary revolution
From the beginning of 19 17 to the period after the May 4th Movement, there was a literary revolution that opposed old literature and advocated new literature. The new literature, which was born in the May 4th literary revolution, has brought about comprehensive and profound changes in the language, genre, expression and ideological content of China literature, and started the process of modernization and reform of China literature, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of China literature.
June, 1. 19 17, 1, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" in New Youth, and put forward eight propositions on literary improvement, marking the beginning of the May 4th literary revolution.
2.1917 In February, Chen Duxiu published the article "On the Literary Revolution" in New Youth, Volume 2, No.6, clearly proposing "three cardinals".
3. Zhou Zuoren published People's Literature on February 19 18, which defined "new literature" and thought that new literature should be "people's literature". He also wrote "Popular Literature", and based on Chen Duxiu's national literature and social literature, he put forward the idea of building popular literature.
In the third quarter, the May 4th literary debate
The May 4th literary revolution had a great influence on China's literary ideas and thoughts. In the face of this revolution, all kinds of intellectuals had to make adjustments, which triggered ideological confrontation and academic debate.
The ideological confrontation is a debate between the old literature and the new literature, such as retro school, Xue Heng school, Jiayin school and Yuanyang butterfly school.
During the literary revolution, Lin Shu strongly opposed the replacement of classical Chinese by vernacular Chinese, and wrote articles such as On the Rise and Fall of Consultant's Vernacular Chinese and A History Book to Cai Heqing, which greatly criticized the Vernacular Chinese Movement.
Xuehengpai
1922 1, Professor Mei Guangdi and Professor Wu Mi of Nanjing Southeast University founded Xue Heng magazine, which opposed new literature and maintained feudal old literature, so it was called Xue Heng School. They attacked the new literature movement under the banner of "prospering the quintessence of the country and melting new knowledge" and were criticized by Lu Xun and others.
The academic debate is mainly within the new literature, and the literature research society pursues "art for life" and advocates realistic literature. Influenced by western aestheticism, Creative Society pursues the literary aesthetic feeling of "art for art". These two literary concepts are indispensable to the construction of new literature.
Section IV Achievements and Historical Significance of the May 4th Literary Revolution
"Literature Research Association"
192 1 was established in Beijing on 10. The promoters of 12 include Zhou Zuoren, Zheng Zhenduo, Ye, etc.
"Creation Society"
192 1 was established in Tokyo, Japan in July. The earliest members were Guo Moruo, Zhang Ziping, Yu Dafu, Cheng, Tian Han and other students studying in Japan. This is the earliest literary society with the greatest influence and contribution in the history of modern literature in China.
"crescent society"
1924 In April, Crescent Society was established in Beijing, mainly composed of poets such as Wen Yiduo, Xu Zhimo and Zhu Xiang.
Achievements of the May 4th Literary Revolution
1. The first is the comprehensive promotion of vernacular Chinese.
After the May 4th Movement, patriotic student groups all over the country took New Youth and Weekly Review as examples to set up vernacular newspapers and periodicals, and published more than 400 kinds in 19 19. During the period of 1920, even the most serious big magazines, such as Oriental Magazine and Novel Monthly, adopted vernacular Chinese, and the Ministry of Education also stipulated that Chinese textbooks for junior students should be written in vernacular Chinese. The literary revolution promoted the "Mandarin Movement" in which words and texts merged, and rapidly expanded the influence of new literature.
2. The widespread influx of foreign literary thoughts and the emergence of new literary societies have presented an unprecedented situation of ideological emancipation.
The initiators of the literary revolution introduced foreign literary ideas by translating their works. From the first volume, New Youth translated the works of foreign writers such as Turgenev, Wilde, Chekhov and Ibsen. Realism, romanticism, symbolism, psychoanalysis, imagism, Marxism, etc. Are beginning to be spread and believed.
Writers influenced by different ideological trends have different creative tendencies, and new literary societies have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. There are literary research societies that admire real life, creative societies that study romanticism, crescent societies and diaosi societies.
Preliminary achievements have been made in the construction of literary theory.
Hu Shi published "The Improvement of Literature" and put forward "Eight Things of Writing", which initially clarified the proposition of vernacular Chinese; Chen Duxiu put forward the "Three Principles" in his literary revolution, and criticized the old literature from the content to the form: Zhou Zuoren demanded that the new literature should be humanitarianism-oriented, and observe and study the social life, especially the life of the bottom people. His "Beautiful Writing" established the position of literary prose in theory, putting it on the same footing as novels, poems and plays. Lu Xun, Qian, Cheng and others also made theoretical contributions.
Literary creation has made remarkable achievements.
19 18, Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman, and then he wrote novels such as Medicine and Kong Yiji, all of which showed profound thoughts and complete characteristics of modern novels. In addition to Lu Xun, there are some new literature writers and their works published in magazines such as New Youth and New Wave.
Bing Xin's When You Are Lonely, Helpless and Poor, Xu Dishan's Bird of Life, Yu Dafu's Sinking, Hu Shi's Attempt Collection, Guo Moruo's Goddess, etc. Although these works are not mature enough in art, they are full of the spirit of individual liberation and national liberation and have the character of pursuing modernity.