Pan Yue was brilliant since he was a child, and the villagers called him a "prodigy". In his early years, he was appreciated by Sikong Taiwei and recommended as a scholar. Later, he served as the order of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan Province), diligent in political affairs, and advocated that the people should variety fruit trees. The county is lush with trees and peaches and plums all over the world, and is called "Huaxian County". Later, he was transferred to Huaixian County (now Wuzhi, Henan Province), where he worked hard and loved the people with remarkable achievements. He was promoted to judge Shang Shu and Ting Wei (in charge of court justice).
After the death of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Hui Di succeeded to the throne, and Yang Jun, a consort, assisted in state affairs, making Pan Yue the master book of a teacher. Hui Di's wife fought for power and profit with Yang Jun and killed Yang Jun, so she was implicated and demoted as a civilian. Later, he served as an ambassador to Chang 'an and was recruited as a doctor. Because of her mother's illness, she quit her job to serve her relatives. He lives by the Luohe River in the south of Luoyang, where he grows flowers and willows. Jianfu lives in seclusion, drives his mother and enjoys his filial piety. The court called Pan Yue into the court as a deacon (compiling national history), and later he was an assistant minister of riding a horse, and later he was promoted to an assistant minister of Huangmen.
Pan Yue has a beautiful appearance and outstanding appearance. When he lived in Luoyang, the capital, every time he traveled by car, there were always some women holding hands around the car and throwing flowers and fruits to show their love. Later generations praised him as "Handsome Man" and "Pan Lang Throwing Fruits".
Together with his uncle Xu Pan and nephew Penny, he is called the "Three Pan" in the history of literature, and his literary achievements are praised by later generations. At the age of 20, he wrote "Borrowing Land Fu", praising the dedication of Jin Emperor Sima Yan. His clear and colorful words shocked the ruling and opposition parties, but they were also rejected. In the Book of Jin Pan Yuechuan, there is: "Yue Mei has a beautiful figure and beautiful words, especially the eulogy." He has written many good poems in his life, among which "The Journey to the West", "Autumn Prosperity", "Widow's Fu", "Living in Idleness" and "Mourning Poems" are all famous ones, which are still valued by literary historians. Pan Huang Men Ji was handed down to later generations.
Where is Pan An?
For many years, it can be said that Pan An, a handsome man in ancient China, is well known to all women and children, and the phrase "looks like Pan An" has been passed down to this day. Pan An, whose real name is Anren, whose world name is Pan An, is a famous writer of Jin Dynasty in China and a native of Dapanzhuang, zhongmou county. When he was a teenager, he was famous for his brilliance. At the age of twelve, he was able to write poems and was called a prodigy in the village. As a representative of Western Jin literature, Pan An is often called Lu Ji. As the old saying goes, "Shandong cuisine is like the sea and Pan cuisine is like the river".
Pan An has a certain position in the history of literature. He is good at choosing words and making sentences, laying out details and making neat sentences, which fully embodies the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to formal beauty. He is "good at mourning and remonstrating", and his works handed down from generation to generation, such as Widow Fu, Death of Yuan Yong and Mourning Poems, are all famous for their good narration of mourning.
In 265, Pan An 19 years old. My father, Pan Bi, is a civil servant, and Yue went to work with his father. Pan An served as the county magistrate of Heyang and Huaixian county, followed by Doctor Taichang and Du Zhilang, the minister of history, and finally assistant minister of Huangmen.
In the first year of Yongkang (300 years), Jin Huidi was framed by Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, and Sun Xiu, the secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, and was killed in Luoyang at the age of 54. To commemorate this famous historical figure, 1996 built "Pan An Hometown Amusement Park" in Pan An's hometown, with a total investment of more than 6 million yuan. 10/day officially opened to tourists. There are more than 30 amusement projects in the park. On the second day after the opening of the amusement park, four pear trees on the ancient tomb of Panjia suddenly burst into white flowers before the flowering period, which was amazing and attracted many tourists to stop and watch.
How beautiful is Pan An? There is no detailed description in the Book of Jin, but there is a better expression than detailed description: "Say Mei Zi ... I often pop up and hug Luoyang Road, and all the women I meet are touching and full of cars." This is the story of "throwing fruit to win the car". Wearing the laurel crown without rhetoric fully highlights the folk status, appearance standard and popularity of this "popular lover". Pan An is beautiful, but he didn't use this personal advantage to fool around. He is single-minded and has a good relationship with his wife Yang. After Yang's death, Pan An was heartbroken and wrote mourning poems, which inadvertently became a name system. These stories must have played a key role in his unanimous recognition of establishing a beautiful image in the female world at that time. It may be difficult to treat Pan An with the views and words of temples.
There is nothing to say about this historical figure, but from the street and folk point of view, Pan An is an image that should be carefully examined and redrawn.
1. Throw fruit for profit-Pan Yue
This gentleman is the famous Pan An. He was from Henan in the Western Jin Dynasty. The word An Ren, the fine print Tan Nu, is so beautiful! Therefore, "Tan Nv" or "Tan Lang" became synonymous with handsome lovers in later literary works. When Pan Yue was a child, he took a slingshot to play outside Luoyang, and the girls rushed to throw fruit at him, often returning with full loads. Eating fruits regularly and supplementing vitamins will make your skin better and form a virtuous circle. MM people are getting more and more enthusiastic, so they just watch him hand in hand. It's a pity that photography hasn't been invented yet, otherwise Tan Nu's photo album must be very profitable. There is a man who goes on an outing like Pan Yue. It's a pity that he is ugly and despised. Men's works! That's Zuo Si, a famous ugly man who traveled with Pan An. As a result, when he came back, there was enough fruit in Pan An's car to open a fruit shop, and there was a surplus in the rotten bricks and tiles on Zuo Si's car.
Pan Yue not only has a beautiful skin, but also wrote wonderful articles. He showed literary talent from an early age and was called a "prodigy" by the village. When Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, was in his twenties, he was very interested one day and went to the countryside to farm and perform. Everyone writes flattering articles to praise him. Therefore, Pan Yue's poems are the best. Ministers, look at this small white face. What is it? He dares to kiss up better than us! Jealous as hell. Get out of the courtroom immediately. After ten years of idleness, Pan Yue was finally re-employed. He became a river yang and a county grandfather. Considerable political achievements. Feng Ya county magistrate planted peach trees all over Heyang county, and the time number was "One County Flower". After that, there were many ups and downs in politics, and it was not until the sixth year of Yuankang (296) that he returned to Luoyang to be a Beijing official. A few engaging teenagers who used to be proud of their talents are now white-haired, suffering from official career and learning to be snobs. When he was in office, he was the ugly queen Jia Nanfeng. Her grandson Jia Mi likes to make friends with guests, and organized a literary group called "Twenty-four Friends" to fan the flames for Jia's consorts. Pan Yue is one of the hardest workers. Brilliant pen gives birth to flowers, when several plots overthrow the prince. The specific process is as follows: Pan Yue wrote an article "Weeds", and Jia Nanfeng sent imperial court officials to get the prince drunk and coax him to copy it. The prince is so drunk that he can't tell what is written on the paper at all. I scribbled it according to the strokes. Of course, Prince Mo Bao was incomprehensible to others. At that time, the emperor was an idiot. Pan Yue, a gifted scholar, can't beat this. He is good at imitating handwriting. He added strokes to the prince's paper according to the original style, and it became a well-known inverted book. Take a pen as a knife, kill without bloodshed! After the death of the Prince, Sima Lun, the prince of Zhao, used revenge as an excuse to mutiny into the palace, except Jia Yi. I used to blame Zhao He's boyfriend Sun Xiu. Of course, now that he is dead, he is still imitating her. He was filial all his life, but his mother died in Dongcheng. What a pity!
The Eight Kings Rebellion and political chaos made Pan Yue determined to join in the fun, which made him notorious. At least in the history of literature, this life is not too bad. His writing style is gorgeous but not lost; Describe in detail, not too complicated. A handsome guy who is good at writing beautiful and sad articles and is very melancholy. In life, he is definitely a good man. He got engaged when he was a teenager, and he is also very devoted to his first wife, Yang. Yang unfortunately died in the eighth year of Yuankang (298) (it is hard to say whether he died at the right time, fortunately or unfortunately). Pan Yue's mourning poems are touching and sincere, and they are the earliest mourning poems in China. It's a pity that you are a beautiful woman, but fame and fortune are too heavy, you are impatient, you are not satisfied, and finally you are separated. Those affectionate girls outside Luoyang must have been mothers. Have they shed tears for the enthusiasm of the lush years?
Song Yu was a writer of Ci and Fu at the end of the Warring States Period. As for Song Yu's life, according to the Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, "After Qu Yuan's death, there were Song Yu, Jing Cha's disciples in Chu, all of whom liked to express their opinions and were named Fu. But all ancestors obeyed Qu Yuan's rhetoric, so they never dared to directly remonstrate. " The narrative is extremely brief. Han Shi Zhuan said that "Song Yu met Chu Xiang because of his friends". Liu Xiang's "New Preface" wrote that "Song Yu met King Xiang of Chu because of his friends", "I didn't see King Xiang of Chu", and at the same time "Chu Weiwang (the grandfather of King Xiang of Chu) asked Song Yu". Wang Yi said that she was a disciple of Qu Yuan in The Songs of the South Zhang Ci. The Old Biography of Xiangyang, which was learned in the Jin Dynasty, also said: "Song Yu was also a Chu, so there was Song Yu in Yicheng, which began with Qu Yuan. Being defamed, seeking friends of Chu. " In a word, there are different opinions about Song Yu's life, which is hard to explain. Generally speaking, Song was born after Qu Yuan, was born in poverty, and had a rough career.
Song Yu's works, according to the earliest records of Han Shu Literature and Art, have 16 articles. It is said that there are two books in Wang Yi's Songs of the South: Nine Arguments and Evocation. There are five articles in Xiao Tong's Selected Works, namely Feng Fu, Gao, Goddess Fu, Disciple Fu and Ask the King of Chu. There are 6 pieces of Fu for flute playing, Fu for big eyes, Fu for small words, Fu for satire, Fu for fishing and Fu for dancing, which can be found in Zhang Qiao's Guwenyuan. Gaotangdui, Wei Yongfu Dui and Ying Zhong Dui can be found in Wen Guang Xuan by Liu Jie in Ming Dynasty. However, these works are mixed with authenticity, and only one "Nine Arguments" is credible and has no objection. Evocation of Soul is controversial, and it is generally believed that it was written by Qu Yuan. There are still some people, such as Gao, Goddess Fu, Lotharistic Fu and Feng Fu, who think that it was not written by Song Yu, but its position in the history of literature is still quite important.
Nine Debates is a long lyric poem, which expresses the injustice of "the poor are dereliction of duty" and exposes the darkness of reality to some extent. The poet's feelings are sincere, but not as strong and persistent as Qu Yuan's, and his mood is relatively low. The theme of mourning for autumn and the lyrical technique of borrowing scenery in poetry have had a far-reaching influence on later poetry creation. Autumn lyrics written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, such as Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi, Qiu Si by Cao Zhi, Mourning for Autumn by Xiahou Zhan, Ode to Autumn by Jiang Zhou, Poem on Autumn Night by Zhan, Sad Autumn Night by He Jin, etc. , all related to the Nine Debates. This is the author, and there are many people representing him.
Poems such as Gao, Goddess Fu, and Lothario Fu. Describing women's facial expressions and physical appearance with rich imagination and meticulous techniques also has a certain influence in the history of literature. This kind of works may originate from the tradition of begging women to obey heaven in Li Sao, but there are more sentimental thoughts and less irony. After the Han Dynasty, Li Furen Fu of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Beauty Fu of Sima Xiangru, Luo Shen Fu of Cao Zhi and Jiang Fei Fu of Xie Lingyun all started from this. Between Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasties, it evolved into the last stream of palace poems and erotic poems. Feng Fu compared the "Qi of the King" with the "Qi of Shu Ren" and described the life differences between the rulers and the people. Although it is a game entertainment article, it is somewhat ironic and inspiring to future writers.
Although Song Yu's achievements are difficult to compare with Qu Yuan's, he is the direct successor of Qu Yuan's poetic art.. In his works, the description of things tends to be delicate and meticulous, and the combination of lyricism and scenery writing is natural and appropriate, which plays a role in connecting the past with the future between Chu Ci and Han Fu. Later generations often called Qu Ode, which shows Song Yu's position in the history of literature. (Jiang Liangfu)
Song Yu and His Nine Debates
After Qu Yuan, the Chu Ci writers described by their ancestors as "Sao" came forth in large numbers, which was a great sight. Among many poets, Song Yu is an outstanding Chu poet who rose at the end of the Warring States Period. He is a master of Chu Ci who obeys Qu Yuan but is unique. Although his personality, ambition and artistic attainments are almost different from those of Qu Zi, in the history of China literature, Qu Song is also called Qu Song, and they have lived together since then.
Du Fu, a patriotic poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said with emotion: "Decline": I am well aware of Song Yu's sadness, romance and elegance, and he is also my teacher. Sad to see a thousand autumn, a tear, melancholy in different times, not at the same time. His old home between mountains and rivers-empty works, empty sex platform-is certainly not imagined in the dream? ? Chu Palace Que was completely destroyed, which means the fisherman doesn't know. This poem (Yong Huai Bei) expresses his mourning and love for Song Yu, and also summarizes Song Yu's life experience, emotion and artistic achievements.
Song Yu's Life Experience
There are few historical materials about Song Yu's life story and artistic career, and they are contradictory, so it is impossible to distinguish authenticity. However, it is necessary to sort out a little context from the complicated context and strive for a more correct understanding of this unique scholar.
According to Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, "After Qu Yuan's death, there were followers of Song Yu, Jing Ke and others in the State of Chu who were good at expressing their opinions. However, all ancestors who spoke calmly by Qu Yuan dared not directly remonstrate. " In addition, Ban Gu's "Records of Han Shu Literature and Art" said: "Sixteen Song Yufu, Chu people, colluded with others, and also came after Qu Yuan." In addition, Geography of Hanshu said: "At the beginning, Qu Yuan, a sage of Chu, was released to the world and wrote various poems in Lisao to mourn himself. Later, Song Yu was both Mu and famous. " The above statement is more credible. In addition, there are some sporadic records in some ancient documents, such as Biography of Han Poetry (Volume 7), Miscellaneous Things of New Order (I), (V), Chapters and Sentences of Chuci (Volume 9) and so on.
Comprehensive reliable information from all aspects, we can basically outline the life of Song Yu:
Song Yu, a Chu man later than Qu Yuan, is a descendant of Qu Yuan. At the same time as Le Tang and Jing Ke, he was born around Qu Yuan's sinking into the river and died in Chu. Although he is not a disciple of Qu Yuan, he worships Qu Yuan very much. He inherited Qu Yuan's style in literary creation, but at the same time he found another way. "Sad autumn" is one of the characteristics of Song Yufu. He is a poor man from humble origins. In order to seek a way out and serve the country, he once left his hometown and moved to Kyoto and other places. After many twists and turns, he became a literary courtier beside the king of Chu. Although his official position is small, he once won the appreciation of the king of Chu with his extraordinary talent and sharp talk. Who knows that his political career is rugged, troubled times are intolerable, and treacherous men are slandered. But the bad king trusted him, had a bad temper, and finally failed in his duty, and fell down in the rivers and lakes for life. He is loyal to the king and patriotic, and always hopes to gain the trust of the king of Chu to display his arms. However, the monarch is heavy, and loyalty (kǔn) is difficult to apply for. He cares about the country and the people and is cynical, but he can't risk his life to remonstrate like Qu Yuan. Just treat the dark reality and unfortunate experience with the attitude of "gentleness and sincerity" and "resentment without anger". He hopes to be honest and clean, cultivate one's morality and improve himself. He would rather be poor than go along with others in order to show his glory. He is a scholar who has no choice but to serve the country, and his career is frustrated.
What works did Song Yu leave behind?
What works does Song Yu have? This is a question that has been difficult to ask since ancient times. Sixteen pieces of Song Yufu were recorded in the History of Han Yi Wen Zhi, but the title of each piece is not available. However, there are only 14 existing Song Yufu, and Wang Yi's Songs of the South contain nine arguments to evoke the soul. Other works, such as Selected Works and Gu Wen Yuan, also contain Feng Fu, Gao Fu, Goddess Fu, Disciples' Passion Fu and Chu Wang Wen. Here are a few examples:
First, the style of Fu in Selected Works and Ancient Books is not Chu Ci; But the prose style initiated by Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty. This style was not produced during the Warring States period when Song Yu lived. Therefore, if we must say that they are Song Yu's works, then this "Yu Can" can't be the Chu people in the Warring States period.
Secondly, these works mostly appear in the form of dialogue between Song Yu and the King of Chu, and are often called "King of Chu" and "King of Chu Xiang" in narrative writing, which is based on common sense. Since Song Yu is a native of Chu, he can't call his country's monarch with the word "Chu", let alone overflow before his death.
There is a sentence in "Fu on the flute": "Yi Song sent Jing Qing to Yishui, and she will be a woman." If it is determined that Song Yu mainly lived in the era of King Xiang of Chu, and Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin in the first year of King Xiang of Chu, which is several decades later than King Xiang of Chu, then Jing Ke's allusions will never be quoted by Song Yu decades ago. To say the least, even if Song Yu still exists in a negative year, he will not write the stories of the same period into his works.
Most of these works are obviously written in the tone of a third party. Song Yu should not be called by his first name in his works, such as Song Yu, Jing Cha Shi, Ask Song Yu Yue, Song Yu Dui Yue and so on.
Five "Gao Tang Mi" said: "The king of Chu Xiang and Song Yu swam in the pool of clouds and dreams", which is a word for later generations.
6. Comments by Gao, Fu and Gao Tang teams: Satire Fu and Lothario Fu are similar in content and style. In particular, the article "Gao Tang Dui" is basically the same as the first paragraph of "Gao Tang Mi", except for adding four sentences to the goddess' words, which is actually a re-recording of the first paragraph of "Gao Tang Mi". Why did Song Yu repeatedly write articles on the same subject?
Seventh, Guwenyuan was written late (according to legend, it was an old collection in the Tang Dynasty, with Sun's annotation from a Buddhist temple in the Northern Song Dynasty and Han Yuanji and Zhang Qiao as annotations in the Southern Song Dynasty), but Defoe, Da Yan Fu, Xiao Yan Fu, Satire Fu, Carving Fu and Five Fu were recorded by it for the first time. Assuming that these works were indeed written by Song Yu, why didn't Liu Xiang and Wang Yi, who were not far from ancient times and had extensive knowledge, include them in Songs of the South?
Eight. Most of these works use the rhyme after the Han Dynasty, not the ancient rhyme of Zhou and Qin Dynasties.
In a word, there are many suspicious places in these works, so I won't list them one by one because of space constraints. In Song Yu's works, only nine statements can be verified. Now let's talk about the Nine Debates in combination with Song Yu's times, life and thoughts.