What are the meanings of classicism, romanticism, national music school and impressionism?

Classical music is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it refers to western classical music. Music created under the background of European mainstream culture since the Middle Ages is different from pop music and folk music mainly because of its complex and diverse creative techniques and heavy connotation. In a narrow sense, it refers to classical music, which is the mainstream music in Europe during the period of 1750- 1820, also known as Vienna classical music school. The three most famous composers of this genre are Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Romantic music school is a new school after Vienna classical music school, which came into being at the beginning of19th century. During this period, the artist's creation showed his admiration for subjective feelings, his love for nature and his fantasy for the future. New changes have taken place in artistic expression forms, and the formation and development of romantic ideas and styles have emerged. The difference between romantic music and classical music is that it inherits the tradition of classical composers and makes new explorations on this basis. For example, it emphasizes that music should be combined with other arts besides poetry, drama and painting, and advocates a comprehensive art; Advocate title music; Emphasizing the expression of personal subjective feelings, works are often autobiographical; The works are full of fantasy, and there are many works describing nature, because nature is calm and has no contradiction, which is an ideal realm; Pay attention to drama, study national folk music and literature, draw nutrition from it, and the works have national characteristics. In terms of artistic form and expression, it inherits the classical music school, but it is very different in content, and exaggerated techniques are also widely used. In the form of music, it breaks through the limitation of the balanced and complete formal structure of classical music and has greater freedom. There are many instrumental music with a single movement theme, mainly instrumental pieces, such as improvisation, nocturne, etude, narrative, fantasia, prelude, lyrics and various dance music-mazurka, waltz, polka and so on. Among many instrumental music works, piano music is in the majority. There are a large number of artistic songs in vocal music works, and many vocal music works are connected in series to form a suite, such as Schubert's Beautiful Mill Girl and Winter Journey, which are all innovative artistic themes of romantic music school. Harmony is an important tool to express romantic colors. The expansion and free use of dissonance, the frequent appearance of seventh and ninth chords, semitones and tone sandhi in music have expanded the scope and expression of harmony and enhanced the color of harmony. Composers created multi-movement title symphonies and single-movement title symphonies, which are important forms of romantic music. The meaning of the word romanticism originally refers to stories written in Roman style, and later refers to novels or knight stories, and later includes legendary novels. The rise of romanticism in art first appeared in the literature of18th century. In the works, all personal feelings, interests and talents are completely unrestricted. In other words, composers strongly show their hobbies. Theoretically, this is opposite to the classicism dominated by form. Classical music is linear and vivid, while romantic music is full of color and emotion, including many subjective and utopian factors. However, this is only a difference in principle. In fact, in classical music, there are already romantic factors, and in romantic works, there are also many classical contents. National music school refers to a group of musicians who are active in the European music scene after the middle of the nineteenth century and are closely related to the bourgeois nationalist cultural movement. Most of them are politically radical, sympathetic or involved in the bourgeois revolution in their own countries, and have a strong national consciousness. In art, they advocate the creation of new music with distinctive national characteristics. Musicians of national music school often use their excellent folk music materials to express the theme of patriotic heroes, so as to inspire their own people to resist feudalism and foreign rule. Democracy, people's character and nationality are always the distinctive signs of their artistic activities. Masterpieces, such as Bedrich Smetana's My Motherland, sibelius's Finnish Symphony Poetry, etc. Produced at the end of19th century, it is a genre of music influenced by "symbolism literature" and "impressionism painting". Impressionist music has a completely abstract transcendental color, which is the beginning of music entering modernism. Its form, texture, expression, basic aesthetic point of view, artistic purpose and artistic effect are very different from classicism and romanticism. Originated by French composer Debussy. Impressionism is a word borrowed from art. 1874, a painting named Impression of Sunrise by painter C Monet was exhibited at the Loser Salon in Paris, which caused ridicule and discussion. Since then, painters with similar artistic ideals and expressions have been called "Impressionists", such as E Degas, C pissarro, A Sisley and P·A· Renoir. They oppose the conservative thoughts of the academic school, love nature and face modern life. They use the method of directly depicting scenery in outdoor sunlight to express the overall sense of objects and surrounding atmosphere in the change of light and color, which has a great influence on the development of painting. The word impressionism first appeared in the music of 1887. The judges of the French Academy of Fine Arts accused Debussy of the unclear structure of the second symphony suite "Spring" when he was studying in Rome, and asked him to "be wary of vague impressionism". When his string quartet premiered in Brussels in 1894, critics began to praise it with impressionism. After 1905, this word is often used to summarize Debussy's music with similar styles, and it is no longer derogatory.