Dichotomy is the earliest classification method in China, and it is also a rough classification method when "literature" and "article" have not been separated. It divides all articles into two categories: verse and prose according to whether the language of the work rhymes or not. Rhyme refers to works with a certain rhythm and rhythm, such as poems, words, songs, poems, inscriptions, poems, etc. Prose refers to works without fixed rhythm and rhythm, such as myths, fables, travel notes, sketches, novels, essays, tables, plays, essays, and articles on history, philosophy, various social and humanities.
Dichotomy is also called "writing style". Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, rhyming prose works were called "Wen" and prose works without rhyme were called "pen". For example, Liu Xie said: "As the saying goes today, there is a pen in writing, thinking that those who have no rhyme will write, and those who have rhyme will write." At that time, the "distinction between writing and writing" was the difference between verse and prose. Later, with the increase of literary styles, the "dichotomy" is too general and limited, which can not meet the needs of the development of literary genres, and people no longer use this classification method.
The theory of temperament and sick criminals in poetry was first studied by Shen Yue and others in the Southern Dynasties.
"The Biography of Southern History and Lu Jue" says: "Shi Sheng is an article, written by Xing Wu Shen Yue, Chen Jun Xie Tiao and Langya Wang Rong, and they push each other with gas. Zhou Qing in Ru 'nan is good at understanding phonology, and all the essays are written by the palace merchants, and they are divided into four tones. With this rhyme, there are flat head, upper tail, bee waist and crane knee. In the five characters, the phonology is different, and within two sentences, the angle sign is different, which cannot be increased or decreased. The world is called the eternal body. "
Four tones
Four tones: refers to the four tones of ping, Shang, Qu and Jin. For people nowadays, the tone value can't be looked up, but can only be estimated by the rhyme spectrum. According to Yuan He's rhyme spectrum and Yu Keyi's formula, it is inferred that the flat tone may be a flat tone, the rising tone is a rising tone, the falling tone is a falling tone, and the entering tone is a promoting tone.
eight diseases
eight diseases: refers to the defects in the use of four tones when writing five-character poems.
1. Flat head: The first and second words of a five-character poem cannot be the same tone as the sixth and seventh words (the first and second words in the next sentence). Otherwise, you will make a flat head. Such as: Fang Shishu is clear, and the pot is tilted on the platform. Fangshi and Tihu are both flat tones, which is a flat head.
2. the last part: the fifth word (the last word of the sentence) and the cross (the last word of the sentence) of the five-character poem cannot have the same tone. Otherwise, you'll make a mistake. For example, in Yuefu: the grass beside the Qingqing River and the willows in the gloomy garden. Grass and willows are all uplifting, and they have made the mistake of ending up.
3. Bee waist: As the name implies, it is big at both ends and small in the middle. The tone of the second word and the fourth word in a five-character poem cannot be the same; Or the second word and the fourth word can't be voiced initials and the third word is unvoiced initials, otherwise, it will be a problem of bee waist. Such as: drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave: visitors come from afar, leaving me with a pair of carp. From, both sides are flat-voiced characters, carp and I are both voiced characters, and the double in the middle is unvoiced, which is heavy at both ends and light in the middle, which is the fault of bee waist.
4. Crane Knee: There are different opinions about this article in the literature, and two articles are selected:
First, the tone of the fifth word and the fifteenth word of the five-character poem cannot be the same. The second is just the opposite of the second point of bee waist. This point is briefly explained in Du Shixiang's Note, not detailed.
5. Dayun: refers to a word that cannot have the same rhyme as the rhyme foot within two sentences of a five-character poem. Such as: Han Yuefu: Hu Ji is fifteen years old, and he is alone in spring. Hu and Lu have the same rhyme, but they have made a big rhyme.
6. Xiaoyun: There can be no words belonging to the same rhyme between two sentences in a five-character poem. Such as: old trees and old stones, sharp springs and clear sand. Trees and dew, even with the spring rhyme, are guilty of small rhyme.
7. pang Niu: I don't know much about this article, so I can only write down the general idea in Shi Hua, use the original example, and I don't know the source: it means that two sentences in a five-character poem can't have the same initials. For example, fish swim in the wind and moon, and animals walk in fear of hurting their hooves. The initials of the fish and the moon belong to the ancient phonetic doubt button, which makes the problem of the side button (in addition, the beast walks in the same rhyme and makes a small rhyme).
8. Zhengniu: Four tones with the same initial and vowel can't be mixed in two sentences of a five-character poem. For example, Liang Jian Wendi's poem: The light clouds fall into the twilight brocade, and the flowing fire scatters the autumn gold. Jin and Jin initials have the same vowel, but the tone is different, which is the problem of Zhengniu (flow and autumn rhyme).
The appearance of Yongming style marks that ancient Chinese poetry has started to move from "archaic" poetry, a product of primitive natural art, to "modern poetry" of artificial art.. Yongming style has become a prelude to the formation of modern poetry and an important link in the development of artificial art.