The first one; Following the Central Plains style, the helmet tassel, helmet body and forehead and neck closely protect the head.
Yuan Jun in Chinese armor and Chinese pocket.
The second type; "bowl" Early Mongolian cavalry also widely used leather helmets, and the helmet body was connected with four or five pieces of leather to form a pointed deep bowl. The shape of Zhou developed from this, which deeply influenced the helmets of Ming and Qing dynasties, and was called "Mongolian Bowl Week" by the archaeological community. This helmet has skin and iron, eyebrows on the forehead, and the top decoration is nicknamed "lightning rod" by later generations. Since then, the Ming and Qing dynasties have also equipped a large number of helmets of this shape, and the helmets of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty are also mainly in this "Mongolian bowl" style.
Zhou bo in yuan dynasty
Pottery in early yuan dynasty
The third type; Dai Li-shaped helmet is basically the same as Dai Li-shaped bronze helmet in Southern Song Dynasty. Not only as military helmets, many Mongolian officials and nobles also wear the same style of fur hats in peacetime.
Li-shaped iron helmet in yuan dynasty
Mongolian cavalry with Dai Li helmet in the painting.
Yuan Shundi wears a Li-shaped helmet, which has no protective function and is a cool hat for the secret service.
After more than 90 years, the brutal rule of Meng Yuan finally triggered a large-scale resistance of the Han nationality. The Red Scarf Army, which rose in Huaibei area, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty under the leadership of Zhu Yuanzhang and restored the clothes of the Han family. During this period, the helmet ornaments of the Ming army showed diversified characteristics, some inherited Meng Yuan, and some imitated the Song system.
The helmet of the Ming army has two types: hat type and bowl type:
The first is the hat-shaped helmet, which is called "Ming iron helmet" by the Ming army and "hat helmet" by the people. It consists of tassel gun, helmet top, helmet body and shield elephant.
Ming dynasty iron helmet unearthed in Dingling
Ming army general standard Ming iron helmet
There are two major differences between the hats of the Ming Dynasty and the hats of the Yuan Dynasty: one is to make room for the bun, and the helmet body is raised; Second, the sun visor is flat.
Ming iron helmet belongs to the main head equipment of Ming army. Among the helmet types recorded in the four-year military battle of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty, all kinds of bright iron helmets with four petals, six petals and eight petals account for the vast majority. For example, the imperial clan unearthed in the Ming Dingling Mausoleum used a bright iron helmet, decorated with golden beads and red tassels, and consisted of a lotus platform and a statue of Zhenwu the Great. The helmet body is composed of six arc-shaped iron pieces, on which are decorated six Ding and six Jia gods, which are connected by six helmet ridges.
The general of the Royal Guard wearing a bright iron helmet in the photo.
Secondly, the bowl is also a helmet type used by a large number of Ming troops. The helmet is basically the same as the Mongolian standard, and consists of five parts: tassel gun, helmet top, helmet body, eyebrow shield and neck. The Bowden item of Ming Army is divided into three parts, while the Bowden item of Meng Yuan is integrated and has a throat protector, which is the biggest difference between them.
Ming army helmet
In Ming Dynasty, military helmets were mainly equipped on a few generals and general Jin Yiwei who was in charge of etiquette duties, with phoenix-winged helmets as the main ones. The Phoenix-winged helmet in Ming Dynasty consists of five parts: spear, helmet top, helmet body, forehead and neck. Different from the Feng-wing helmet of the Song Dynasty, the Feng-wing helmet of the Ming Army has a shallow cheek protection, a more rounded shape and a smaller Feng-wing. The helmet body has no other decoration except scratch, and most of it is gold and silver. Small corner flags representing organizational units are installed on the wings or tassels of helmets. This is the last Han helmet style in China. In the Qing Dynasty, the Phoenix-winged helmet completely disappeared from the military ranks.
General Han of the Ming Dynasty wore a phoenix-winged helmet and held a golden melon.
Phoenix-winged helmets worn by General Wanli and his entourage.
In the Qing dynasty, due to the unified system, the Qing army wore bowls and chests. Like the Ming Dynasty, bowls and chests in the Qing Dynasty were divided into five parts: tassels, helmets, helmets, eyebrows and necks. However, when the tassel rises, the neck becomes a Mongolian style with a throat protector.
General Fuyuan Armored Helmet in new york Museum
Emperor Qianlong's helmet
In the early Qing dynasty, bowls and armour followed the Ming system, with short tassels and round helmets, such as Nurhachi with armour helmets. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty, tassels became higher and higher, and the decoration became more and more gorgeous. In the Qing dynasty, the selection technology was superb, and the helmets of senior officers of the Qing army were decorated with hollow selection. Take the helmet of General Qing Recovery in new york Museum as an example. The tassel gun, the rosette on the helmet top, the helmet body and the patterns on Manchu scriptures are all made by the process of shredding, showing hollow patterns, which are extremely exquisite and gorgeous. The spear, helmet top and helmet body of Gan Long Dayue Home are decorated with pearls, coral beads, rubies and sapphires, and the helmet tassels are decorated with mink tails, which are more exquisite.
Details of General Fuyuan's helmet
Zeng Guofan's bowl
As the saying goes, "reading history can make people wise, and the past does not forget the teacher of the future." However, the role of history may not be as simple as meeting the future. People who read deeply must understand that reading history only gives us greater freedom and initiative to create the future.
Life is not just the present, but also poetry and distance. In Gao's lyric poems, we not only experienced a literary complex, but also pursued inner freedom and feelings. Poetry creates a spiritual utopia for us, while Shi Zhecun makes us more aware of reality. We should not only live in the present, but also live in the future. Follow these classics, follow the footsteps of history, unveil the veil bit by bit, restore the real scene, feel the passage of time, pursue the thoughts of philosophers, explore the spiritual world of mankind bit by bit, and meet smarter yourself day by day.