How much embellishment is there in the poem?

The common rhetorical devices in poetry appreciation include metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, metonymy, antithesis, exaggeration, setting off, allusions, translation, intertextuality and repetition. 1. Metaphor is a rhetorical device, which uses something different in nature but similar. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. The function of metaphor is to turn the unknown into the known; Can turn abstract into concrete, abstruse into easy to understand; Can make plain vivid. For example, Li He's History of Horse: "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook. When you are a golden brain, step on the clear autumn. " Wan Li in Pingsha is like a battlefield scene covered with frost and snow in the moonlight. Most people may only feel sad and cold, but it has an unusual appeal to those who are determined to serve their country. Hook is a kind of machete, which is associated with the weapon image from the bright moon and also means eager to participate in combat. This poem uses metaphors to make the picture more vivid and to highlight the theme of the poem more easily. Another example: Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting" "The lake is full of moonlight, and the mirror on the pool surface is not polished. Looking at the Dongting landscape from a distance, there is a green snail in the silver plate. This poem skillfully compares "snail" and compares Yin Hui under the bright moon to a green snail in a silver plate. The color is elegant and the landscape is integrated. The whole poem is full of pure scenery, with detailed descriptions and vivid metaphors, which is very interesting to read. 2. Compared with describing things as people, this is called personification, or describing people as crops, this is called simulacra. By using analogy, we can express the author's strong love-hate relationship. It can make the narrative vivid and strengthen the artistic appeal of the article; You can describe intangible abstract things vividly, vividly and audibly. For example, in "Singing Willow" by He in the Tang Dynasty, "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut off the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors. "Contrary to the previous writing, this poem does not use the slender image of Liu to describe the slim figure of a beauty, but uses anthropomorphic methods to turn Liu into a beauty" Jasper "and vividly depicts Liu's graceful face. Han Yu's Late Spring: "A grass and a tree know that spring will come back soon, and all kinds of flowers will compete for Fang Fei. Huayang Yujiao has no talent and thinking, but can only solve the snowflakes flying all over the sky. "The poet painted a picture of late spring with infinite vitality by personification. "Grass tree" is a heartless thing, but it can "know" and "fight", and there are also competing "talents"; Flowers bloom for fragrance, as if to keep spring; Even the original catkins and elm pods are not lonely. Come and join in the fun, dance with the wind and turn into snow. 3, argot (homophonic), pun In some poems, especially folk songs, the author often uses argot and pun to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion. For example, Li Bai's "Spring Thoughts" in the Tang Dynasty: "The grass in the north is as green as jade, and the mulberry leaves are covered with green silk branches. When you came home, my heart was breaking. Spring breeze, since I dare not know you, why should I separate the silk curtain beside my bed? ? "This is a famous poem describing the love between men and women, and wrote a monologue about women in Qin. The poet made a pun, expressing the spring of nature and reasoning about the love between men and women; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of missing between men and women in different places. Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty wrote a Zhi Zhu poem: "The river is green and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. It rains in the east and rains in the west, but the road is sunny and sunny. "In this poem," Qing "and" Qing "are homophones and puns. This is a love song written by the author in folk style. Judging from the first two poetic sentences, it is probably that a woman is sailing on the bank of the willow, and she hears young people who love her singing love songs to her on the shore, but that love is implicit, "better than love." "4, metonymy borrow related things instead of what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy can make the expression vivid, vivid, concrete and vivid, and can also make the language concise and implicit. For example, Tu Mu's Red Cliff said, "I want to wash my hands of it before I lose my iron. When the east wind is not in harmony, Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. The "east wind" in the text refers to the "fire attack" of Chibi; Er Qiao "refers to Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. Da Qiao is the wife of Sun Ce, the younger brother of Sun Quan, the general of Soochow, and Xiao Qiao is the wife of Zhou Yu, the commander-in-chief of Soochow. Their fate represents the fate of Soochow. " "Locking Er Qiao" in this article means that Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao were captured by Cao Cao, which means the fall of Wu Dong. Using "Lock the Second Bridge" as an excuse for Wu Dong's downfall is euphemistic and profound, and at the same time it can give people association and thinking. 5. Exaggeration is to describe the image, characteristics, function and degree of things in an enlarged or reduced way. Have outstanding characteristics of things, or reveal the essence of things, leaving a clear and profound impression on readers; Express the strong feelings of the speaker and the author, satirize or praise, and infect readers. For example, Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu: "White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is as long as long. I wonder where autumn frost can be found in the mirror. "In this poem, the author's worries about white hair are written in an exaggerated way as long as" Three thousands of feet ",which shows the depth of sadness. 6. Duality means using a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit. For example, in Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain", "Leaves are falling like waterfall foam, but I think the long river is always rolling forward" consists of four sentences and eight sentences, all of which are antithetical, round and natural, but without axe marks. The endless falling of trees and the endless Yangtze River make the artistic conception of the poem broad and far-reaching, and the rustling of leaves makes people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay. 7. Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. Its function is to concentrate the content and enhance the momentum; Clear organization and thorough explanation; The structure is neat and the rhythm is clear. In poetry, it is expressed as saying several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone. Such as: Ma Zhiyuan's Jing Tian Sand? Qiu Si, "Old vines are crying, bridges are flowing, old roads are sparse, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world." In the novel, "an old tree with withered vines, a small bridge and a flowing family, an ancient road and a thin horse with west wind" are combined in pure name to form a typical environment. 8. Ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable. For example, Aruvi's poem "Who is the hero in the world?" There is wine near the river, which is transverse to tso. Purple covers the yellow flag, which should be borrowed, and the east wind in Chibi. Even more shocked by Wolong in Nanyang, he became famous in the Eight Arrays. Three points in Dingzhong, one point in Xishu and one point in Jiangdong. "Start with a question, point out the topic, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic performance of the Three Kingdoms. Another example is Du Fu's Book of Letters: "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The green grass in spring is dotted with steps, and birds are singing happily under the leaves. " The first sentence caused an inquiry. Where is the ancestral temple? Jin Guancheng, thousands of miles away, looking from a distance, saw the cypress forest early, lush and extraordinary weather-that is where Zhuge Wuhou Temple is located. This couplet, straight to the point, falls freely, with two questions and answers, opens and closes itself, driving the whole article. 9. The rhetorical question is undoubtedly asking, but the answer lies in asking, that is, the negative meaning is expressed in positive form, and the positive meaning is expressed in negative form. It has the function of strengthening tone, emotion and making people think so as to sing. Such as: Wang Anshi's Diewu Jiangge: "The brave who are tired after many battles mourn, and it is difficult to return to the Central Plains after a defeat. Although Jiangdong disciples are here today, do you wish to make a comeback for you? "The last two sentences used rhetorical questions, with a cold tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history. 10, compare two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression. For example, Li Bai's "Visit to Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned with all their finery. Maid-in-waiting is like full spring palace, but today only partridges can fly. " The poet showed us two paintings: one is that the King of Yue defeated the State of Wu and returned home in triumph. The soldiers all took off their shirts and put on "Jin Yi" to show off their exploits to the people of China. Ladies-in-waiting are dressed like flowers and enjoy themselves in the palace; The other is "only partridges fly today"-there are only a few partridges flying around the old site of the city now, and the victory and excitement of the past have long since vanished. In the poem, there is a sharp contrast between the prosperity of the past and the desolation of today, expressing the ups and downs. The use of contrast highlights the theme and makes people think deeply. Another example is Gao Shi's trip: "Half of our soldiers at the front line died, but half of them are still alive. There are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp. "Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound. 1 1, intertextuality and intertextuality are also called "mutual explanation", "mutual understanding" and so on. Their characteristics are that the context echoes and complements each other, and the rhetorical function is concise and implicit, saving words and expanding the capacity of poetry. In ancient times, it was divided into the following categories: single sentence intertextuality, which means that two words in the same sentence are intertwined and complementary in meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and I, the master has dismounted and the guest has boarded his boat, actually say: "The master disembarked from the boat and the guest disembarked from the boat." Wang Changling's "Out of the Great Wall" "The Moon of the Qin Dynasty, the Pass of the Han Dynasty, People did not return on the Long March. "Literally, this poem means' when the moon shines in Qin dynasty, the traffic is closed in Han dynasty'. In fact, it should be understood as "the bright moon in Qin and Han Dynasties, the gateway to Qin and Han Dynasties". Intertextuality means that the next sentence contains the words that have appeared in the previous sentence, and the previous sentence contains the words that will appear in the next sentence, so the meanings of the sentence and the sentence are complementary. According to the relationship between the upper and lower sentences, dual intertextuality can be divided into synonyms and antonyms. Synonymous antitheses are intertextual, such as: "When the window is decorated with clouds, the mirror is yellow" (Mulan Poetry). Face the window, face the mirror, comb your hair like a cloud and stick yellow flowers on your face. Antisense antithesis intertextuality such as: "My road is full of petals-I didn't clean it for others, my thatched door has been closed-but now it's open for you." (Du Fu's "Guest Arrivals"). Literally, the front and back sentences are opposite, but in the sense, both sentences have extra-words, which are a combination of positive and negative. That is, "my road is full of petals-I swept it for others, which is the beginning of your sweeping;" My thatched cottage door has been closed, but now it is open for you, and it has never been opened by a guest. "This kind of intertextual sentence has simpler words and richer meanings. Intertextuality refers to an intertextual sentence pattern in which two intertextual sentences are separated by other sentences. For example: "Ten days and eight days, friends are like a cloud: meeting thousands of miles, a happy event." (preface to Wang Teng-ting by Wang Bo). Here, "Ten-day holiday" and "Welcome to Wan Li" are separate sentences, and "Friends are like clouds" and "Wedding" are intertextual. The interweaving of "winning friends", "distinguished friends", "like clouds" and "full house" is a supplementary explanation. It should be interpreted as: winning friends is like a cloud, and winning friends is full; Wedding, friends are like clouds. 12. Synaesthesia is a rhetorical device that connects vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. This rhetorical device is not only manifested in the emotional appropriation when concrete things are compared with each other, but also in the spiritual exchange when abstract things are materialized. For example, Lang Shiyuan's "Listen and Blow the Sheng next door": "The phoenix blows like a rosy cloud, and I don't know whose house it is outside the wall. The heavy door is locked and nowhere to be found. There are thousands of trees and flowers. "The sound of a phoenix blowing rosy clouds" in this poem means that Sheng Qu seems to have fallen from the sky, which is extremely remarkable. The author transforms auditory feelings into visual impressions, which gives readers a more vivid and concrete feeling and indirectly sets off the lightness and freshness of Sheng music. Lin Bu's Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden: "All fragrant people shake off their unique beauty and occupy a small garden. "Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight dusk." Cold birds want to fly, first glimpse plum blossoms; Butterflies will be enchanting if they know the beauty of plum blossoms. Fortunately, there is a slight rhyme to tell, and there is no need for a golden statue. "The poem vividly depicts the expression image of plum blossoms by the pool in Sunset Red: the clear water in the mountains reflects the sparse plum branches, and the dim moonlight at dusk sets off the quiet and distant plum fragrance. In The Dark Fragrance of the Moon and Evening, the author uses the visual "darkness" to describe the smell "fragrance", which highlights the characteristics of plum blossom and clearly and skillfully shows the beautiful, noble and dignified, quiet and tranquil temperament charm of plum blossom. 13, foil In order to highlight the main things, first describe the related things. As a foil, this rhetorical method is called foil. This rhetorical method can be divided into positive contrast and negative contrast according to the different relationship between the subject and the background. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive contrast; Using the opposite condition of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast. For example, "The cicada forest is quieter, and Tonamiyama is quieter" in Wang Ji's "Into the Stream", which describes the unparalleled quietness of the forest with the dynamic contrast of quietness. Su Shunqin's "Summer Meaning": "The summer in the other courtyard is deep and clear, and the pomegranate is full of curtains. Shades are everywhere, saying it's noon. When I dream of an Yingying, I will scream. "The oriole's euphemistic song sets off the silence and tranquility of the deep courtyard at noon. 14. Repeat a word or sentence repeatedly to highlight a certain meaning and emphasize a certain feeling. The use of repetition can make poetry sigh tactfully, return to the circle tactfully, and enhance the lyrical effect of poetry. For example, in Li Qingzhao's Dream, "I often remember the sunset in Xiting, I don't know my way home, I like to go home at night and go astray into the depths of the lotus." Fight for the ferry, fight for the ferry, and open a beach of gulls and herons. "Through the repetition of" fighting for crossing, fighting for crossing ",it shows the hero's eagerness to paddle quickly and writes the natural modality of girls' enthusiasm, liveliness and free play. 15, Top Truth "Top Truth" is also called "thimble" and "Julian", which means using the end of the last article (a word or sentence) as the beginning of the next article, so that the sentences are connected with each other, compact, smooth and lively. Such as: "Autumn Colors in the Han Palace" third fold [Mei Huajiu] "Ah! I feel sorry for this desolate place. The grass has turned yellow, and the rabbit has long been frosted. The dog faded, the man raised his tassel gun, the horse was loaded with ammunition, and the car was carrying food, hunting in the paddock. He, he and he, sadly resigned from the Han Lord; Me, me, me, hand in hand on the river beam. He went from poverty to famine, and I went back to Xianyang. Go back to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Cross the palace wall and bypass the cloister; Around the cloister, near the pepper room; Near the pepper room, the moon is hazy; The moon is bright and the night is cool; The night is very cold, and I cry cold; Crying cold, green screen window; Green screen window, forget it! " Go back to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Crossing the palace wall and bypassing the cloister ... "... not only does this song have the rhythm beauty of ups and downs, but also shows the melancholy of hatred, lovesickness and twists and turns left by the Han and Yuan emperors.