Brief introduction of the poet: A.D. 70 1-762), the word Taibai, named Qinglian lay, Li Bai is a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the most famous poets in China. He is another great romantic poet in the history of China literature after Qu Yuan, and is known as "Poet Fairy". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Du Li".
His ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu), and his ancestors broke leaves at the end of Sui Dynasty (now near tokmak, northern Kyrgyzstan). When I was a child, I moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) with my father. At the age of twenty-five, he left his relatives to travel far away and went out of Shu with his sword. At the beginning of Tianbao's offering to Hanlin, he was slandered by powerful people and left Chang 'an in just over a year. He was Wang Yong's chief of staff during the An Shi Rebellion. Because he was defeated in Xunyang prison, he was exiled to Yelang, but he was pardoned halfway. In his later years, he went to his uncle Dangtu to make Li, then died in Dangtu and was buried in Longshan. In the 12th year of Tang Yuanhe (8 17), the observation of Xuanzang Pool made Fan move the tomb to Qingshan according to Li Bai's wishes. There are thirty volumes of Li Taibai's collected works.
Now there are more than 990 poems and songs by Li Bai. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully show the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion and chivalrous spirit, and also represent the typical tone of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai has a strong sense of self and compares himself with Dapeng many times. "One day, Dapeng rises with the wind and goes straight to Wan Li" and "Li Yong". However, Li Bai's frustration in Chang 'an for three years turned his full political enthusiasm into a wild song of grief and indignation when he was hit by reality again, and it gushed out from his chest: "The road is like a blue sky, and there is no way out in front of me. I am ashamed to follow those who have no courage, fighting chickens and dogs to bet on pears, and I want to return home with no fish to eat. Zhou Busi succumbed to the gentry. Li Bai also used a hearty drinking poem to dispel the sadness of his talent. "Into the wine": "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and never point his golden cup at the moon! Since God has given talents, let them be used! , spin one thousand silver, all back! Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a long drink! " It is in line with this unrestrained emotional momentum. The remarkable characteristics of Li Bai's poems in artistic techniques are: magical imagination, endless changes, vertical and horizontal structure and patchwork sentence patterns, which form a magnificent and elegant style. Climbing Tianmu Mountain in the Dream:
"In a straight line to heaven, its peak enters heaven, with five holy peaks on top, and casts a shadow in China. The Paradise Terrace Mountains are 100 miles long, and it is here that they begin to extend to the southeast. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue, and they cross Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. Xie, climbed Yun Lan's ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Countless peaks and more valleys, there is no road, flowers tempt me, and rocks relax me. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. The god of thunder and lightning shattered the whole mountain range, and the stone gate fell apart and leaked into the sinkhole. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver terrace. Dressed in colorful clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came down one by one, with tigers playing pipa and phoenixes dancing. Row after row, like a hemp field, lined with fairy figures. When the big dream first woke up, the dreamland disappeared, which led to the understanding of the world of life: "People's happiness is always like this, and thousands of waters flow eastward in Qian Shan", "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be shown with honesty?". This feature of Li Bai's Dream Falling from the Sky has greatly developed Zhuangzi's fable, Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques, and also incorporated the Taoist immortal image, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetic immortals".
Li Bai's poems and songs have diverse themes. His seven-character ancient poems (Shu Dao is difficult, it is difficult to go to the sky, dream of climbing Mount Tianmu, chanting, etc. ); Five-character ancient poems (59 ancient styles); There are some poems in Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, such as Long March and Midnight Wu Ge. And seven-character quatrains (looking at Lushan Waterfall, looking at Tianmen Mountain, making Baidicheng as early as possible, etc. ) became masterpieces in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poem "There is no set volume, but every family has it". He is the first poet in China's poetry.
one's early years
Li Bai's ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu). He was born in the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (AD 70 1 year) and broken leaves (now near tokmak, Kyrgyzstan). According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he is the ninth grandson of Emperor Liang, and he is actually the same clan as the kings. When he was a child, Li Bai moved to Qinglian Township, Governor Long (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province) with his father Li Ke. When he was young, he began to travel around China. Later, Li Bai presented the Hanlin [/ur] in the first year of Tianbao, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 742). It was his unruly personality that determined that he could not be tolerated by the powerful, so he left Chang 'an in less than two years.
middle age
Later, he met Du Fu, another famous poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and became good friends. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, in February 65438 +756, Li Bai was invited as Wang Yong's assistant to quell the rebellion. After Wang Yong angered Tang Suzong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned in exile at the age of 59.
old age
Li Bai roamed the south of the Yangtze River in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led a great army to crusade against Anshi rebels, so he went north to join the army with Li Guangbi to kill the enemy, but turned back because of illness. The following year, Li Bai went to his uncle Li, who was then the county magistrate of Dangtu (now Anhui). In June of the same year, Li Bai died in his apartment at the age of 62.
works
Li Bai wrote a large number of poems in his life, and more than 900 poems have been handed down to this day. His poetry creation involves a wide range of China classical poetry themes, and there are many excellent works on many themes. His favorite genres are mainly ancient poems, including ancient poems and Yuefu poems, but there are also many swan songs in modern poetry genres such as metrical poems and quatrains. Two words that were not popular in the Tang Dynasty are considered to be Li Bai's works, namely, Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi 'e, which were called "the ancestor of one hundred generations of lyrics and songs" by Huang Sheng in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also a few people who suspect that Li Bai did not do it.
Do textual research
According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai was born in Shandong and his father was Ren Chengwei. Li Bai showed extraordinary talent in his youth. He had lofty aspirations and a detached heart. He and Confucius, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian and other middle school students in Shandong Province hid in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking, and the time number was "Zhuxi Liufu".
It is also recorded in the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty that although Li Bai was pardoned from exile, he died of drunkenness in Xuancheng due to excessive drinking on the way ("Drinking too much, drunk to death in Xuancheng").
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Li Bai's Life and Character
Li Bai (70 1-762) was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin 'an, Gansu) and in Poyecheng, the western region of Central Asia (now Kyrgyzstan). At the age of five, my family moved to Mian Governor Long (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), is rich and does not seek a career, so people suspect that he may be a giant businessman. Li Bai spent his boyhood in Shu, and he read extensively since he was a child. The so-called "five-year-old back Liu Jia, ten-year-old read a hundred schools" (History of Peichang in Shang 'an Prefecture), "fifteen-year-old read a wonderful book as a gift to Ling Xiangru" When I was young, I fought with Ren Xia and told Han's Jingzhou Book:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, gentlemen." Hao Wei said that he "has bright eyes and is as hungry as a tiger ... Ren Xia is less, and there are several people holding knives" (Preface to Li Hanlin). Cui Zongzhi also described his demeanor with sentences such as "dagger sword on the sleeve" and "eyes shine on people" in the poem "Give Li Twelve White". After a long time, he reminisced with his friends, and he also recalled with great interest the past when he broke through the encirclement of the Five Mausoleums (see "Reminiscing about the past and giving it to Jiang Yang Slaughterhouse").
He also yearned for the life asked by the immortals a long time ago: "Fifteen trips to the immortals have never stopped." Li Bai lived in seclusion in Daitian Kuangshan at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and studied under Zhao Yan. Zhao Kun is a scholar who "sees the world in the way of Wang Ba" (Sun Guangxian's "North Dream"). His ten volumes of Long and Short Classics are the knowledge of doing things for the country and saving the world. When Li Bai met Su Xiang at the age of twenty, he won the admiration of this "great court player" and a great writer. In the autumn of the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "served the country with one sword and left his relatives to travel far away" (A Long History of Shang Anpei). He went down from Mount Emei along Pingqiang River to Jingmen and Dongting, then to Jinling, Guangling and Huiji, and soon returned to Chuanxi to live in Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei). At that time, Sima Chengzhen, a famous Taoist, met him in Jiangling, boasting that he was "sage-like, able to roam freely in the face of octupole" (Preface to Li Bai and Fu Dapeng). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, I married my granddaughter. Three years later, in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai left Nanyang for Chang 'an, when he was just thirty years old.
Li Baichu has been in Chang 'an for about three years. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan, making friends, hoping to get the recommendation of the princes. At that time, Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was in Zhong Nanshan, and literati (including famous poets Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) frequented her. Li Bai met the princess, but failed to do so, and finally went away disgruntled. In the summer of the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), Li Bai wandered in Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places east of the Yellow River. Twenty-four years later, the whole family moved to the east, "learning the sword and coming to Shandong" ("Going East in May to Answer Wen Shangweng"). When he lived in Rencheng, he and Kong and others would drink in Culai Mountain, which was called "Six Chapters of Zhuxi". Later, he roamed Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbed Mount Tai in the north and reached Hangzhou and Huiji in the south. Wherever he went, all kinds of poems were sung, and the names of poems and songs spread far and wide, shaking the ruling and opposition parties. Finally, even the emperor was shocked.
In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Princess Yu Zhen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent a letter to Li Bai to enter Beijing and received a grand courtesy: "Let's retire and meet him, as if we had seen splendor; Give food to the Qibao bed and let the royal hand scoop the rice. " (Li's preface to the collection of thatched cottage) ordered Li Bai to devote himself to Hanlin. When Li Bai was called to Beijing, he was full of ambition. The poem "Nanling children go to Beijing" says: "Go out and laugh in the sky, my generation is Artemisia!" He wanted to do something to repay Xuanzong's kindness in meeting him, but the proud poet was soon envied by the court dignitaries. A year later, he began to be slandered. "What's the matter with Bai Bi? The blue fly became a grievance ("Book Feelings to Cai Sheren Bear"), and "Although you love Emei, you can't help killing people in the palace" ("Yu Hu Yin"), these poems are all portrayal of his sinister situation at that time. In the spring of Tianbao three years, Li Bai was put back to his hometown. This time, he only served in North Korea for more than a year, but his understanding of society has undergone profound changes.
After Li Bai left Chang 'an, he went east along Shangzhou Avenue and met Du Fu in Luoyang. Later, he traveled to Liang and Song Dynasties with Du Fu and Gao Shi, and lived a leisurely life of chasing eagles and rabbits with paper. The following year, in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, Li Bai met Du Fu again and traveled with him to Surabaya and Dongmeng. With the deterioration of the political situation in Tianbao period, Li Bai was deeply worried and uneasy about the danger of state affairs. In his poems "Twelve Cold Nights Answering the King" and "Farewell", he publicly protested the arrogance and killing dissidents of Li and Yang, and issued a cry for the sinister political situation. He wandered around and visited Liangyuan, Lujun and Jinling, and also visited Ji You and other places. I wrote many excellent poems along the way.
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai fled to the southeast, moving between Xuancheng, Dangtu, Jinling and Liyang. After living in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. At that time, Lin, the son of Xuanzong, led his teacher to advance eastward from Jiangling, "wrote three books" (with Jia Shaogong), and invited Li Bai to participate in its military activities in the name of reviving the great cause. Li Bai resolutely and enthusiastically joined the army. Unexpectedly, another disaster happened between Su Heng and Lin, and Li Lin was defeated and died. Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned, and was soon taken by Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). At that time, the poet fell into a dangerous situation that "everyone wants to kill" (Du Fu's "No See"), so that Du Fu also mistakenly believed in rumors and wrote poems to express his deep sorrow. Li Bai returned to Jiangxi and was not released until Wushan. At this time, he is nearly 60 years old, but he is still not strong enough. In the second year of Shang Yuan (76 1), he set foot on the journey again, ready to join the counter-insurgency team in Li Guangbi, but turned back due to illness on the way. In the first year of Baoying (762), Li Bai died in Dangtu's uncle Li Jiazhong, ending his legendary life. Li Taibai's collection.
Li Bai's life has been wandering around the world, with ups and downs, which made him widely exposed to all aspects of life. His distinctive personality was formed on the basis of fully absorbing the flavor of the times. Li Bai was generous and conceited since childhood, and did not stick to his usual tone. "He often wants to be a blockbuster and soar to the sky, but he gradually moves to Joe. He can't do it." (Fan's Preface to Li Tombstone of Hanlin Bachelor in Tang You's Collection). He has a strong Ren Xia style: he values martial arts over Confucianism, ignores details, spends money like water, and is arrogant. When I was young, I traveled eastward for less than a year and scattered more than 300 thousand. If there is a down-and-out son, I will help him "(Li Bai's History of Shang 'an Peichang). He likes drinking and is good at riding and shooting. He disdained to follow the usual path of ordinary scholars from the imperial examination to the official position, but hoped to achieve great things in one fell swoop. It's not that he didn't earnestly seek immortality and learn Taoism, and collected herbs to make an alchemy. Dugu also said that when he went out, his luggage was "all fairy medicine and Taoist books" ("Cao Nan sent Li Baixu"). What's more, he took the Taoist seal from the highly respected teachers in Shandong and completed the official ceremony of becoming a monk. He is quite devoted to the counselor who solves disputes and has the demeanor of a strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that he "reached the palm of his hand when he talked about it, and he was absolutely superb when he talked about it." Distinguish between Chu and Han, it seems that the king is overbearing "("Give Li "). The New Tang Book Literary Biography also said that he "likes vertical and horizontal techniques". In short, "Shang Zhi's Daoism means that immortals can achieve it; Don't ask for a small official, be conceited about worldly affairs "(Liu's Bachelor of Hanlin in Tang Dynasty). His ideal in life is to be detached from things and actively join the WTO. The above aspects are the remarkable characteristics of social habits and cultural spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the favorite human relations style of contemporary people. For example, for the sake of white elegance, Ren Hua and Wei Wanxiang traveled thousands of miles; When He Yi, a fanatic of Siming, saw Li Bai, he exclaimed that he was a "fallen fairy" and took off his golden turtle as a gift. Master Wu Qi is willing to go through fire and water, cross the enemy-occupied area of An Shi Rebellion and take back the poet's children at the east foot, and so on. It is through his personality projection that Li Bai's poems and songs embody the spirit of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.