Some people are born after death. "The core of Nietzsche's philosophy is axiology: by declaring the death of God, he destroyed the traditional spiritual philosophy and established a secular and individual-oriented philosophy of survival and practice, thus becoming one of the founders of modern western culture. Most of the mainstream ideas of modern western culture can be traced back to Nietzsche. Nietzsche achieved all-round philosophical changes in the history of western philosophy, which can be summarized as four major turns, namely, value turn, human nature turn, language turn and irrational turn. Superman theory, as an important part of Nietzsche's philosophy, has had a great influence on modern western culture, and Zarathustra, as Nietzsche's masterpiece, is the specific birthplace of this influence. In this book, he created superman's ideal existence in poetic language, pointing out that the goal of human existence is to survive and surpass this ideal, and corresponding to this transcendence movement, human beings need brand-new social relations and brand-new morality, and give marriage, death and individual self-transcendence a brand-new ontological meaning. Nietzsche is essentially a poet and philosopher. His romantic temperament not only endows him with the creativity that rationalists can achieve, but also makes his works lack semantic uncertainty (Nietzsche is contradictory). Shengping youth &; Student year (1844- 1868) Basel year (1869- 1879) Wandering year (1880- 1888) Insurance year (/kloc)
Tragedy was born out of the spirit of music (Die Geburt der Trag? Unpopular observation? sse Betrachtungen)。 "Confessor and Writer" David Strauss (der Be Kenneth und der Schrift Steller, 1873) discusses the uses and disadvantages of history to life (Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie fü r Dasleben, 1874) Schopenhauer as an educator (Schopenhauer Alserzieher, 1874) Richard Wagner in Bayreuther (1876). Mid-term works: 1878- 1882 Features:
Believe in the disintegration of empirical science and criticism, seek "liberation", "overcome the past" and pursue unfettered truth. Human, too human mixed opinions and aphorisms (Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche) Wanderer und Sein Schatten Dawn: Reflection on moral prejudice (Morgenr? te。 Gay Science (Die fr？ Hliche Wissenschaft, 1882) Later writing: 1883- 1887 put forward a new philosophy and continued to revalue and deny the previous value. Beyond good and evil, a prelude to future philosophy (also known as Sprach Zarathustra, Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, 1883-85? se。 The moral pedigree of Vorspiel Einer Philosophie der Zukunft, 1886), the last work of a controversy (Zur Genealogie der Moral, Eine Streitschrift, 1887), and the situation of Wagner. A musician's question (Der Fall Wagner, Ein Musikanten-Problem, May-August 1888) is the idol's dusk, or how one uses a hammer (G? Zeng-de? Antichrist, a curse on Christianity. Fluch auf das Christentum, September 1888) Ecce Homo, How does a person become a person (Ecce Homo, Wie man wird, was man ist, 10/0/month 1888). From a psychologist's file (Nietzsche against Wagner, Aktenstücke eines Psychologen,1February 1888), the unpublished notebook "Will to Power: Trying to Re-evaluate All Values" (Derwill zur Macht, the truth of a transcendental breakthrough collected by his sister after his death; History and the present era; The life significance of various forms of historical consciousness; Meaning; Insight into political reality; Prospects for the possible future; And the application of big politics. The life-threatening world of political philosophy-the world is an explanatory existence and a strong will-Nietzsche's new explanation of the criticality and the origin of pure immanence of the world-Theosophy comes from the existence of various states, which leads to the myth of positive attitude (generation-the fate of love) of thinking about existence-the influence of Dionysian Nietzsche's thought on Greek tragic spirit: the mutual agitation between Dionysian spirit and Dionysian spirit has produced brilliant Greek art. Heraclitus' philosophy: the philosophy of change, the theory of long flow and the theory of struggle. Schopenhauer's philosophy: especially Schopenhauer's philosophy of will (but Nietzsche disagreed with his "will to live": he definitely missed the truth, who hit the formula: "will to exist": will does not exist! Only where there is life can there be will: however, it is not the will to life, but-so I teach you-the will to power! ) Romantic Movement: 18C The second half of the year-19c The purpose of the romantic movement in the first half of the year is to liberate people's personality from the bondage of social customs and social morality. The general feature-replacing utilitarian standards with aesthetic standards. Romantic pursues a personal life full of energy and enthusiasm. They declared their opposition to capitalism. Although Nietzsche criticized romantics, the main idea was Dionysian spirit & Apollo spirit (* * *&; Rationality)-Tragedy The purpose of artistic tragedy is to overcome pessimism. Tragedy is to draw fighting power from tragedy, stimulate the desire for life, and thus survive better. Happiness is a symbol of affirming the existence of tragedy. It is intended to affirm the Dionysian spirit: fearlessly reveal and face the truth of human existence, and unconditionally affirm and participate in the attitude of human existence. God is dead-not just the death of God's image (the death of Christianity), but the death of all absolute values in the world. Antichrist, immoral (Christianity is a fallen religion, and morality is born of resentment). Morality here is in a narrow sense, meaning "... more precisely, it is moral decay." Nietzsche's criticism of any form of morality he realized is not to abandon morality and release the bondage of morality to people, but to demand people with what he thinks is a higher form of morality. The new morality that Nietzsche wants to construct is a kind of life morality based on the affirmation of natural life and transcending good and evil.
The foundation of this new morality is natural life, its value standard is the brief introduction of strong-willed Nietzsche, and its ultimate goal is to make each individual "become yourself", which can generally be called the value theory of life morality. Superman-the meaning of the earth-affirms the existence of the world. "A butterfly pierces its shell, tears it to pieces, and dazzles it with unprecedented light, this free kingdom." Superman is not a hero worship. Heroes are evaluated, but Superman wants to abandon these evaluations and constantly surpass them. Eternal samsara-an eternal theory except essence (soul, spirit, etc.). What Christianity preaches is that everything disappears and the wheel of existence circulates forever. Everything comes into being, everything dies, and the time of existence runs forever. "Strong will-positive nihilism-tragic view of existence-there is no good or evil, only power can explain human behavior and even all phenomena in the universe (which also solved the contradiction between Dionysus and Apollo in the early years). Nietzsche found that the basic psychological driving force is the will to power by analyzing many psychological phenomena. " Life, the best form of existence, is the will to accumulate and create-the purpose of everything is not to be conservative but to grow and increase. Life is the highest feeling of personal pursuit of strength; The essence of life is the pursuit of more power ... "-In general, Zarathustra is opposed to the Jewish-Christian worldview, and its poetry and prophetic style rely on many, often upside down, allusions in the Old Testament and the New Testament. Nietzsche is also full of natural metaphors in his works, almost in the spirit of naturalism philosophy before Socrates, citing animals, land, air, fire, water, celestial bodies and plants, all of which are to describe Zarathustra's spiritual development, a lonely, thoughtful, extremely strong-willed, saint-like, laughing and dancing self-controlled voice, accompanied by a proud, sharp-eyed eagle and a Nietzsche called this higher mode of existence "ü bermenschlich" and linked the theory of eternal reincarnation-a theory that only the healthiest people can fully love life-with this spiritual position. In this spiritual position, the overly depressed and ordinary human attitude is just a bridge that needs to be crossed, which is accidental. This is what Zarathustra said. This paper briefly introduces the legendary story of Nietzsche's preaching after years of practice in the name of Zarathustra, the founder of Zoroastrianism in ancient Persia, expounds the author's philosophical thoughts and expresses his profound understanding of life, pain, joy and expectation in poetic language.
& ltCheck > The main idea is to predict and clarify the necessity of superman's existence, and the basic idea is eternal reincarnation. The meaning of Zarathustra's name: Zarathustra (Persian) is the founder of Zoroastrianism and the first person to transform morality into metaphysical things (the power of freedom, the ultimate cause, the ultimate goal, etc.). ). "Cha created this fatal mistake, morality. Therefore, he must be the first person to know this mistake. " Besides, Cha has a second point. His bravery exceeds the sum of all thinkers. To tell the truth, being targeted is a virtue of Persians. -Preface Many images here are probably borrowed from the fable of caves in Plato's Republic. Nietzsche generally dislikes Plato and disagrees with him in many points of view; But he was still greatly influenced by him. Plato said that an enlightened thinker is like a person who gradually gets rid of the shackles of illusion in an underground cave. He learns by smelling the world above and observing things with sunlight, and finally discovers the essence of truth by staring at the sun itself. However, it is not enough for a philosopher to master the truth by himself: he has the responsibility to return to the cave of illusion and be released from the cage of fallacy. This is what Nietzsche called "downhill". The three spiritual changes-the framework of thought-are also the process of superman's birth: camel: a humiliated "participant" and an endurance test.
To take this road of "loneliness" and "creator", we must first learn the perseverance of camels to endure the scorching sun and the dryness of the desert, and keep moving forward towards the endless yellow sand and endless roads ahead. "The spirit of perseverance and tolerance" Lion: It is the strength of struggle and self-affirmation. Bravely make free choices, even the most difficult ones, break free from all the shackles of authority, value and morality, and establish your own standards. So Nietzsche takes the ferocity and strength of the lion as the symbol of this stage. Child: It is a pure new life, a reaffirmation of life, and a reflection of the beauty and goodness of nature. The appearance of babies means the recovery of healthy instinct, thus reversing the impulse of destruction and turning it into the impulse of creation. "After many hardships, Nietzsche finally reconciled with" human "and became one with the source of life-nature. Innocent children represent Nietzsche's inner peace, happiness and joy. The ego is no longer opposed to everything in the world, but harmoniously integrates into it, becomes a part of nature, and achieves eternity! " The premise of superman theory: the death of god. The relationship between man and god in Christianity is positive-the relationship between father and son is negative-the relationship between master and servant (Nietzsche's understanding). God is perfect, eternal and omnipotent. The perfection of weak gods sets a limit that a person can never reach, so people are doomed to be imperfect. People are always in a humble and weak position. Its image is also the image of a lamb waiting for the ultimate salvation of external God. This shows that the image of God is the master of human beings and the oppressor of human nature. This shore and the other shore: the basic feature of God's isolation from man. God: the existence of human beings on the other side: the division of existence on this side (the dichotomy of earthly and heavenly worlds) makes people focus on another world outside the human world (the other side)-the schizophrenia of ethereal and nihilistic people: the upward soul-tends to obey God, which is the source of human salvation, and the pure and noble downward body-deviates from God and follows the devil, which is the root of depravity. Dirty and low-level Christianity strongly teaches people to abandon physical life and pursue spiritual life. Nietzsche canceled this. The soul is the name of a part of the body. " The preaching about God and another world mainly comes from the "pain and incompetence" of the fugitives-"This is the disappointment of the body to the body" and "This is the disappointment of the body to the earth." My brother, behind your thoughts and feelings stands a powerful master, an unknown philosopher-that is "ego", who lives in your home. The characteristic of superman is loyalty to the earth. God's death broke the distinction between the other shore, so there is no heaven and earth. All that remains is the world where human beings live and the world where superman exists-the earth. This affirms that the human world is the only one and gives it great value. Loyal to the body, Superman unconditionally affirms himself, praises himself and longs for survival. So he is loyal to the body and praises the body-"self". Superman morality with brand-new morality is to give morality, and the so-called sound and sacred selfishness is different from the morality of the last person. "Good and evil are determined by people". Nietzsche believes that morality is essentially the power for people to evaluate themselves and everything, which means that people are the ultimate masters of their own lives and the world. Superman is evaluating himself. * * * * * * *.