Quatrain
Du Fu [Tang Dynasty]
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
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This poem "Jueju" was written when the poet lived in Huanhuaxi Caotang, Chengdu, and described the beautiful spring scenery around the Caotang.
Poetry cuts in with vibrant natural beauty, creating a fresh and relaxed atmosphere. In the first two sentences, the poet described this beautiful scene in an implicit way from different angles. Cui is new green, which is the color when everything recovers and germinates in early spring. "Two" and "one" are relative; Horizontal and vertical, it opens a very beautiful natural landscape. In this poem, the word "Ming" is the most vivid, and the oriole is described more vividly by anthropomorphic methods, and the birds are in pairs, which constitutes a vibrant picture full of festive atmosphere. The oriole sings on the willow, which is the vitality of moistening things quietly. The next sentence uses more obvious movements to write the vitality of nature. Egrets flying in this fresh sky is not only a comfort of freedom, but also an upward struggle. Furthermore, the first sentence says that the oriole sings on the willow, and the next sentence says that the egrets fly to the sky, which broadens the space a lot. From bottom to top, from near to far, the poet's tangible vitality fills the whole environment and shows the prosperity of early spring from another angle.
In the third sentence, "The window contains autumn snow in Xiling", the poet looks out of the window, because the air is fresh and the sun is shining in early spring, so he can see the snow-capped mountains in Xiling. The last two sentences have pointed out that it was early spring, and the autumn snow in winter wanted to melt, giving readers a moist feeling. There is a word "containing" between "window" and "snow" in this sentence, which shows that when the first snow melts, moisture wets the frozen window lattice in winter, which can better write the poet's feelings about the vitality with moisture in early spring. "Xiling" means that when the first snow in front of the window melts, the poet thinks of Xiling near the thatched cottage and the long snow on Xiling Mountain, and replaces the residual snow on the window with the snow on Xiling Mountain, which makes the artistic conception more extensive. In addition, the poet has the ambition to serve the country since he was a teenager. After decades of obstacles, he finally had the opportunity to re-exhibit, and the years of war were put down. This is the same as the poet's thought of Xiling when he saw the melting snow in front of the window, and replaced the residual snow on the window with the Millennium snow on the ridge, thus giving the poet a stubborn sense of melting snow.
The last sentence further described Du Fu's complicated mood at that time. When the ship came from "Wu Dong", this sentence means that the war has been decided, the traffic has resumed, and the poet misses his hometown when he sees things. The use of the word "berth" has its profound meaning. Du Fu has been wandering for many years without landing. Although there is still a little hope in his heart, that hope has been greatly reduced. The word "Bo" just describes the poet's complex mood between hope and disappointment. While "Wan Li" implies the difficulty of achieving the goal, which is juxtaposed with "Qian Qiu" in the third sentence and describes the difficulty of achieving the goal in time and space. Sun Quan of the Three Kingdoms has been praised by many scholars as the wise master since ancient times. The author refers to Sun Quan as the representative of Dongwu, alluding to Du Fu's hope for the emperor of the dynasty. The combination of "Bo", "Wan Li" and "Dongwu Ship" is precisely to write the word "Nan".
The whole poem seems to be four independent scenes, but the poet's inner feelings make its content consistent, and the fresh and elegant scenery entrusts the poet's inner complex emotions and forms a unified artistic conception. At first, he showed the spring scenery of the thatched cottage, and the poet's mood was Tao Ran. However, with the wandering of sight and the change of scenery, the appearance of river boats touched his homesickness. On the surface, it is a vibrant picture, but in the cheerful and bright scene, it entrusts the poet with the loss of time, loneliness and boredom, and also writes the poet's complex mood when there is a glimmer of hope. Beyond that kind of hope, it is more the poet's sadness about disappointment.
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Oriental early spring
Poet of Tang Dynasty: Juyuan Yang
The poet Jing Qing is in the Spring Festival, and the green willows and yellow are half uneven.
If you stay in the forest, then you are a flower watcher when you go out.
Literary appreciation
This poem is about the poet's love for the scenery in early spring. The first two sentences highlight the meaning of "early spring" in the title of the poem. The first sentence is the poet's praise for the early spring scenery when he visited the east of the city. There are two meanings here, indicating that the fresh scenery that poets like is in early spring; At the same time, it also shows that this fresh early spring scenery can best stimulate the poet's poetry. A word "Qing" is used appropriately. This refers not only to the fresh and gratifying scenery in early spring itself, but also to the fact that this kind of scenery has just begun to emerge and has not attracted people's attention, so the environment is very quiet.
The second sentence is followed by the first sentence, which is a concrete description of the scenery in early spring. In early spring, willow leaves sprout, with light yellow color, commonly known as "willow eyes". The word "talent" and "half" both imply "early". If you only write about the birth of willow leaves in general, although you also write Early Spring, you always feel dull and tasteless. The poet grasped the "semi-uneven" state, which made people feel as if they had just seen a few yellow willow eyes on the green branch, so fresh and lovely. This not only highlights the word "early", but also vividly depicts the charm of willow trees in early spring. Vivid brushwork contains the author's great joy and praise. In early spring, the climate is cold and the flowers have not yet bloomed. Only the new leaves of willow branches rush out of the cold, which is the most vital and brings people the news of spring at the earliest. Writing new willows just captures the characteristics of early spring scenery.
The first two sentences have been written about the god of early spring, so it becomes redundant to describe them in detail. In the last two sentences, the word "if you want to stay" was changed, and it was written from the opposite side with a pen to set off the "clear scenery" in early spring with the beautiful scenery of Fangchun. Shanglinyuan is full of flowers and the scenery is extremely colorful; Tourists are like clouds, and the environmental noise is like cities. These last two sentences are in sharp contrast with the first two sentences, which reflects the poet's love for the fresh scenery in early spring. At the same time, this is also a metaphor. "Everyone is a flower watcher" not only means that there are many people watching flowers everywhere, but also means that people have achieved great success and people are eager to appreciate them. Therefore, the profound meaning of this poem is: seeking talents to help the world and selecting talents should be when the status is humble and the achievements are not obvious, just like when the tender willows are yellow and the color is not strong. At this time, if they can be good at identification and support boldly, they will come in handy soon. If they are successful and famous, just like the beautiful flowers and branches in Anh Hong, people will be eager to praise them, so there is no need for people to look for and help them.
The whole poem is juxtaposed with beautiful scenery, with sharp contrast and bright colors; At the same time, it is thought-provoking and can be called a good article.
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Jiangnanchun
Du Mu [Tang Dynasty]
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills.
More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
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This song "Jiangnan Spring" has enjoyed a high reputation for thousands of years. The poem not only depicts the beautiful spring scenery in Jiangnan, but also reproduces the misty balcony scenery in Jiangnan, making the scenery in Jiangnan more magical and confusing. Charming Jiangnan, moved by the poet's brilliant pen, is even more exciting. The four sentences in this poem are all scenery words. There are many images and scenery, including plants and animals, which are vivid and colorful, and the scenery is also far and near, which combines motion and static and has its own characteristics. With light words and extremely general language, the whole poem depicts a vivid, colorful and verve picture of spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, presenting a profound and beautiful artistic conception and expressing a series of subtle and profound feelings, which has enjoyed a high reputation for thousands of years.
The first sentence is "thousands of miles of warblers sing green and reflect red". At the beginning of the poem, the poet opened his eyes and imagined the whole land of Jiangnan from the spring scenery in front of him. Thousands of miles south of the Yangtze River, singing and dancing everywhere, pink and green, a scene full of spring. In writing, the poet first used the technique of contrast, matching "red flowers" with "green leaves" and using the word "ying" to highlight the colorful scene of "spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River" from a perspective. At the same time, the poet also showed the lively scene of singing and dancing in Jiangnan in spring from the perspective of sound and hearing. The "a thousand miles" in the poem is wonderful and weighty, which not only expands the aesthetic realm of the poem in space, but also lays the foundation for the later description.
The second sentence is "Mountain Guo Wine Flag Wind". "Mountain Country" Mountain City. Refers to a city built at the foot of a mountain. "Wine flag" refers to the cover hanging outside the ancient hotel. The meaning of this sentence is that in the village near the water and on the battlements near the mountains, there are wine flags fluttering in the wind everywhere. Here, the poet uses Li Jin's rhetoric to describe the objects that come into view-water towns, mangoes and wine flags. From large to small, these images not only show a certain spatial position, but also highlight the unique architectural characteristics of Jiangnan, where the "village" and "country" are surrounded by mountains and rivers. In particular, the word "wind" not only adds to the movement of poetry, but also highlights the "wine flag" better, thus adding to the cultural connotation and humanistic atmosphere of poetry.
The third sentence, "480 halls in the Southern Dynasties", refers to the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen after the Eastern Jin Dynasty and before the Sui Dynasty, all of which were based in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), which was called the Southern Dynasties in history. "Four hundred and eighty temples" describes many Buddhist temples. Because Buddhism was very popular in the Southern Dynasties, many temples were built. This means that the Southern Dynasties left more than 480 ancient temples. Here, the poet focuses on the "temple" around the "water town, mountain fruit and wine flag style", broadens the imagination space, and traces his thinking back to the "Southern Dynasties", thus enhancing the historical and cultural connotation of poetry and the aesthetic realm of poetry. At the same time, the poet refers to Buddhism with "temple" and modifies it with imaginary number "480", which not only enriches the poetic image, but also takes care of the "thousands of miles" in the first sentence. More importantly, it shows the prevalence of Buddhism in the Southern Dynasties and lays the foundation for the lyricism of the following sentences.
The fourth sentence is "How many towers are misty and rainy". "misty rain" is a drizzle. Countless towers are shrouded in wind, smoke and rain. Here, the poet did not use "temple", but changed it to "balcony", not only to avoid repetition of words, but also to adapt to such an environment as "misty rain". Here, through the combination of reality and reality, the poet is faced with a history, and his heart is full of emotions-history is always developing and changing, and the replacement of dynasties is inevitable. Here, the poet appreciates the natural beauty of Jiangnan spring from an aesthetic point of view; The poet realized the aesthetic significance of history and culture through deep thinking and crossing time and space.
Du Mu is especially good at depicting beautiful and moving pictures with just four sentences and twenty-eight characters, presenting profound and beautiful artistic conception, expressing implicit and profound feelings, and giving people the enjoyment of beauty and the enlightenment of thinking. "Jiangnan Spring" reflects that the aesthetics in China's poems and paintings are beyond time and space, indifferent and free and easy, with the thought of "epiphany" of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and more poetic feelings of nostalgia, seclusion and freehand brushwork.
Appreciate differences
Regarding the theme of the quatrains in Jiangnan Spring, there are different opinions on whether to use the ancient to satirize the present.
Some researchers put forward the "Irony Theory", arguing that the emperors of China's Southern Dynasties worshipped Buddhism, and that Buddhism in Du Mu's era was also a vicious development, while Du Mu had anti-Buddhism thoughts, so the last two sentences were ironic. Or think that the main idea is to respect Confucianism and exclude Buddhism, and express concern about the rulers' mismanagement of the country and the mistakes of Buddhism and Taoism; Or that the main idea is to satirize the present by borrowing from the past, satirizing the rulers' excessive construction of Buddhist temples will lead to weak national strength, depressed people's livelihood and aggravate social crisis. They think that the poets in the late Tang Dynasty have a feeling of worrying about the country and the people, and there is no lack of irony in aesthetics, and the connotation of poetry is richer.
Some researchers disagree. They just think that this poem only depicts the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan and shows the poet's praise and yearning for the scenery of Jiangnan. To understand poetry, we should first start with the artistic image, and should not make abstract inferences. Du Mu's opposition to Buddhism does not mean that he must hate the Buddhist temple architecture left over from history. In Xuanzhou, he often goes to Kaiyuan Temple and other places to play. I have also been to some temples in Chizhou and made friends with monks. His poems, such as Cloud Temple in Jiuhuashan Road, Liu Fuqiao in Qingyi River, Wandering in Autumn Mountain and Spring Rain, and Dumping in Temple Buildings in the South of the Yangtze River, all show that he still appreciates the balcony of Buddhist temples.
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This park is not worth visiting.
Ye Shaoweng [Song Dynasty]
Perhaps my master was worried that my wooden shoes trampled his precious moss and tapped Chai Men lightly, but no one opened it for a long time.
But this spring spring, after all, can't be caged. Look, there is a pink apricot sticking out of the wall.
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This little poem describes what the poet saw and felt when he visited the park in spring, which is very vivid and interesting. This poem is a blend of scenes and scenes, which has been passed down through the ages. It not only shows the irresistible vitality of spring, but also shows the author's love for spring. Describe the quiet, comfortable and comfortable rural scenery. This poem also tells us a truth: all beautiful new things full of life must develop according to objective laws, and no external force can stop them.
"You should pity the dog's teeth and seal the moss, and Chai Fei will not open for a long time", explaining that the author has not met relatives and friends, and the garden door is closed, so he can't watch the spring flowers in the garden. However, it is very humorous, saying that it is probably because the garden owner cherishes the moss in the garden and is afraid that my fangs will leave traces of trampling on it, so Chai Fei has been delayed. The host is not at home, deliberately saying that the host intends to refuse the guests. This is to pave the way for the following poem.
The last two sentences are more novel because of the concept of "pity for teeth and moss": although the owner selfishly closed the garden door and seemed to want to leave spring scenery alone in the garden, "spring scenery can't be closed all over the garden, and an apricot will come out of the wall." The latter two poems are vivid and have strange ideas. Both "spring scenery" and "red apricot" are anthropomorphic, which contain feelings and logic in the scenery, which can arouse many associations of readers and be inspired by philosophy: "spring scenery" can't be caged, and "red apricot" will inevitably "come out of the wall" to announce the coming of spring. Similarly, all new and beautiful things can't be stopped or imprisoned, and it will surely break through any bondage and flourish.
Poetically speaking, there is moss in front of the door, indicating that the garden is quiet and the owner is not at home. Knocking on the door for a long time and no one answered, it was even more deserted. However, all the love is still revealed. Writing prosperity from the cold silence makes people feel an unexpected joy.
This poem has many advantages in writing. One is to write about spring scenery, grasp the characteristics and highlight the key points. "Lu You's" Make it at once "says:" The rain on Pingqiao Bridge begins to harvest, and the clouds float in the daytime. Willow doesn't cover spring scenery, but an apricot goes out of the wall. "Be good at highlighting key points, and set off the beauty of' red apricot' with the golden color and green color of' willow'. Ye Shaoweng's poems should be born out of Lu You's poems, personifying the red apricot with the word "Chu", grasping the characteristics of spring scenery and highlighting the key points. The second is "doing more with less money", which is implicit. For example, "an apricot" is a concrete expression of "all love", and an apricot represents a hundred flowers in the wall. The third is that there is love in the scene and characters in the poem, and they are beautiful and noble people. Although the door is set, it is always closed, and it goes without saying that it will not open for a long time. He is too lazy to socialize and has no intention of making money. Although the door is often closed, all the love overflows the wall. His nature, Gao Fushuai, is even more touching and reverie.
Fourth, not only the scenery contains emotion, but also the scenery contains reason, which can cause many associations, thus giving people philosophical enlightenment and spiritual encouragement. "Spring Garden can't be closed, and an apricot is out of the wall." Spring scenery is between "off" and "out", breaking through the fence and overflowing the garden, showing a vigorous and locked vitality. Later generations endowed these two poems with philosophy of life: new things will definitely break through many difficulties, stand out and flourish. These two poems have been reborn and circulated endlessly.
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Chuzhouxigou
Wei Wuying [Tang Dynasty]
Alone, grass grows by the stream, and orioles sing on the trees.
The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and there was no boat on the wild crossing.
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When the author was appointed as the secretariat of Chuzhou, he traveled in Xixi Chuzhou and wrote this poem. Although this poem is about ordinary scenery, it has become a legal animation with deep artistic conception after being touched by the poet. It also contains the helplessness and sadness that the poet can't use when he is not in place, that is, the author's injustice to his talent.
The first two sentences are spring scenery, love the quiet grass, despise the oriole, which is a metaphor for celebration and avoid flattery; The last two sentences describe the urgency of spring tide with rain and the scene of water rushing over the boat, which contains a kind of helpless sadness that is not in place and cannot be used. The whole poem reveals a calm mind and sad feelings.
Poetry about the scenery in late spring. "I am alone in the grass, and there are orioles singing in the tree." In other words, the poet only likes the quiet grass growing by the stream, and there are orioles singing in the depths of the shade. This is an elegant scenery where beautiful colors and beautiful music are intertwined. At the end of spring, the crowd had passed, and the poet wandered to the stream, only to find a piece of grass growing. Here, the quiet grass and deep trees reveal the cold realm. Although they are not as charming as flowers, their green posture, their self-indulgent loneliness, their rejection out of tune with the times, and the author's quiet personality naturally won the poet's love. The word "solitary pity" here is full of emotion, which is the poet's unique feeling. It reveals the author's carefree and peaceful state of mind. Wang Anshi wrote the sentence "When grass is greener than flowers", and he wrote the scene of early summer with the same intention. The first sentence, write quietly; The second sentence reads. The warbler twittered along the bushes. Yingying seems to have broken the silence and leisure just now, but in fact it has caused deeper ripples in the poet's quiet heart. There is a word "Shang" in front of the second sentence, which means not only the temporal and spatial transfer of objective scenery, but also the magnanimity and openness of the poet.
The next two sentences focus on the wilderness and wilderness scenery. Although the scenery is different, it still develops according to this sentiment: "Spring tides bring rain late and rush, and there is no boat to cross the wild." In the evening, the spring tide rises and the spring rain falls, and the Xijiang River suddenly sees fast. The rural ferry, which was originally desolate and indifferent, is getting harder and harder to find people at the moment. Only empty boats drift with the waves. The word "belt" is used between "spring tide" and "rain", as if rain came with the tide, closely linking two unrelated things, and writing the dynamics of tide and rain with the word "urgency". The last sentence. Use the word "nobody" to explain the "wild" of the ferry. The situation described in the two poems is somewhat bleak, but the word "self" reflects leisure and complacency. Wei's good use of the word "zi" in his poems can be understood as "freedom" and "nature", which includes the meanings of "self-appreciation" and "self-pity". The sentence "wild crossing" is explained like this. Otherwise, it is a violation of a sentence or two. These two sentences set off a leisurely and quiet scene with the trend of flying and flowing. It can be said that there are pictures in the poem and feelings in the scene.
Whether this poem has a sustenance or not, and what is the implication, has been debated endlessly. Lao Zhu thinks that this poem has political sustenance, saying that it is written as the image of "gentleman below, villain above", which contains a kind of helpless sadness that is not in place and cannot be used, but it is too complicated to justify itself. Some people think that "there is no need to entrust the scenery of Xixi to this couple." In fact, the emotions revealed in the poem are looming. At the beginning, when you mentioned Youcao and Orioles side by side, the poet used the word "lonely pity", which clearly showed the poet's state of mind when he was poor and sober, and he did not flatter him very much. The last two sentences contain a feeling of helplessness, anxiety and sadness that he is not in office and cannot be used. Poets write scenes with feelings. They use scenes to express their feelings, write their likes and dislikes, and talk about their likes and dislikes. However, inner peace and emotional sadness naturally show up. This poem expresses the author's love for life.