Many achievements in the Middle Ages contributed to this era symbolizing rebirth. One of them is to restore interest in learning. The First College of Oxford University was established in 1264. By 1400, there are more than 50 universities in Europe. Ancient documents originally preserved by Arabs were translated into Latin, which fostered an atmosphere of education and debate. Europeans had contact with Arabs in the Holy Land, Sicily and Spain, and rediscovered many treasures in this way. The works of Euclid, an ancient Greek mathematician, are an example, and have been the standard mathematics textbooks for Europeans until the19th century. Arabs also spread the new number system, the concept of decimal point and the concept of zero, which were developed in India. About 1450, with the invention of printing, the spread of knowledge accelerated.
The second important contribution is the improvement of living standards, especially in large commercial cities in Italy. The Crusades opened Europeans' eyes to the wealth of the East, especially silk, spices and cotton. Businessmen from Venice, Genoa, Florence and other cities are vying for trade between Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. After accumulating surplus wealth from commercial activities, these businessmen began to beautify their hometown and city with art. Sculpture, painting, architecture, music, poetry and literature have found new ways to express interesting themes, which have surpassed the religious themes that have been dominant since the Middle Ages. They generally depict daily life, knight stories and adventure plots, so European culture has become more humanized and religious elements have decreased.
The development of technology is also updating, and more effective goods and services appear. Manufacturing, agriculture and trade have all been improved, far exceeding the achievements of ancient times. The desire for profit encourages innovation and exploration. With the disappearance of declining aristocrats, middle-class businessmen and craftsmen began to strive for political power commensurate with their economic strength.
By the year 1500, European countries were ahead of the world in many important technologies. Europeans have released their vitality by exploring the world, looking for trade routes, the Protestant Reformation and the constant political competition in Europe itself, which has also made this region occupy a pivotal position for centuries.
It is generally believed that the Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian word Rinascimento, which means regeneration or revival), spread to western European countries in the late15th century, and reached its peak in the16th century. 1550, vasari officially took it as the name of the new culture in "Who's Who in the Art Garden". In French, this word is transliterated as Renaissance,/kloc-it is widely used in European countries after the 7th century. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, western historians further regarded it as the general name of14-16th century western European culture. Western historians once thought that this was the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and art.
Background:
The Middle Ages in Western Europe was a particularly "dark age". Christian church became the spiritual pillar of feudal society at that time. It established a strict hierarchy and regarded God as absolute authority. Everything in literature, art and philosophy must conform to the teaching of the Christian classic Bible, and no one can violate it. Otherwise, the Inquisition will punish him or even execute him. The Bible says that the ancestors of mankind were Adam and Eve. Because they violated God's prohibition, stole the forbidden fruit of heaven and committed a great crime. As their descendants, human beings must atone for their sins from generation to generation, suffer for life, and have no desire to enter heaven in the afterlife. Under the control of the church, literature and art in the Middle Ages were lifeless, and science and technology made no progress.
In the late Middle Ages, driven by various conditions, the seeds of capitalism first appeared in Italy in Europe. The germination of capitalism is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. The commodity economy operates through the market, and the choice, bargaining and signing of contracts in the market are all deliberate and voluntary behaviors. This is the embodiment of freedom. Of course, if you want to have these freedoms, you must have the freedom of ownership of the means of production, and the premise of all these freedoms is human freedom. At this time, Italy calls for human freedom, while stale Europe ... all unfolds >
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Renaissance refers to an ideological and cultural movement that rose in Italian cities in the14th century and prevailed in Europe in the16th century. It brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution, opened the curtain of modern European history, and was regarded as the dividing line between medieval and modern times. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism. It should be innovation.