China's classical poems pay the most attention to artistic conception, which refers to the artistic realm formed by the integration of objective scenery and subjective feelings in literary and artistic works (modern Chinese standard dictionary), and generally consists of situational relations. The "emotion" here refers to the author's thoughts and feelings, desire pursuit and so on. "Landscape" refers to natural scenery, events, activities, etc. Except the author. Dealing with the relationship between the two has become the key to the creation of poetic artistic conception: emotion and scenery can be natural, then artistic conception is generated; Love is out of place with the scene and has no artistic conception. There are several common methods to deal with the relationship between emotion and scenery in classical poetry.
First, touch the scene.
Under normal circumstances, people's feelings are relatively calm, but once triggered by a specific external situation, some thoughts and feelings originally hidden in the chest may be stimulated and released, thus condensing into poems. There are three conditions for touching the scene: first, there must be an objective world (scene) that can arouse emotional activities; Second, the creative subject must have a certain psychological sensitivity that can stimulate subjective feelings because of the objective world; Third, the creative subject must have rich life experience and rich inner world.
Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "The sky is windy, the apes are singing and the birds are singing, and the blue lake and white sand are returning. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " The first couplet highlights the desolate features of autumn, and the scenery is full of emotion. Zhuanlian has a broad vision and writes the geographical features of Kuizhou Mountain City. "Touching the scene and feeling" is concrete and a macro summary. The Neck Couplet wrote about its own situation-"Wan Li is a guest" and "More than a hundred years of illness". At the end, the couplets are about the feelings aroused by bleak autumn scenery, vast landscapes and one's own situation-"bitterness, bitterness, hatred" and "poverty". As far as the scenery is concerned, late autumn, this desolate and remote mountain city, has a depressing and desolate taste. This situation has merged with Du Fu's own "old", "sick" and "difficult" situation, and it has been expanding, making the sad mood stronger and stronger. The artistic conception of the whole poem is the artistic conception produced by touching the scene.
The scene in the poem is not a simple representation of the objective world, but is painstakingly managed by the author. This scene has a certain emotional orientation. Autumn scenery in Du Fu's works is bleak and desolate, and there is a tradition of "mourning for autumn" in ancient times, which accords with human nature. This correspondence between scenery and emotion makes the artistic conception more touching.
Second, melt feelings into the scene (empathy into the scene)
The so-called melting feelings into the scenery means that the author projects some feelings hidden in his chest into the described scenery, so that the described scenery is permeated with some subjective feelings, thus producing artistic conception. The difference between touching the scene and melting into the scene lies in: touching the scene produces feelings, and feelings are born of the scene. The same scene often evokes similar feelings; Emotion enters the scene first, and the poet injects emotion into the described scene. Different emotions will give the scene different feelings.
For example, Ouyang Xiu's "The Play Answers Yuan Zhen": "The spring breeze is less than the horizon, and there are no flowers in the mountain city in February. There are oranges in the residual snow, and the freezing thunder scared the bamboo shoots to sprout. When the geese return home at night, they feel homesick, and they feel rich in the new year when they are sick. I used to be a guest of Luoyang Flower, but Ye Fang didn't need to be embarrassed at night. " When Ouyang Xiu was young, he was demoted to Yichang Gorge Yizhou as an official. Yizhou town, located in a remote place, is separated by mountains and rivers. Although it is already February, it seems that the spring in the town has not yet arrived. But at that time, Ouyang Xiu was still young and ambitious, so although he was lonely and depressed in the deep mountains, he was obsessed with "homesickness", but he was more keen on waiting for opportunities. Seeing that there are no flowers and no spring, he doesn't feel sad and desperate. The oranges in the branches of the poem and the bamboo shoots that want to germinate all imply a new hope of germination. He firmly believes that this road will be widened in the future. "Ye Fang doesn't have to cry at night", but she is still in high spirits for the time being, which is reflected in every sentence. It was Ouyang Xiu's insight and foresight that reflected his thoughts and feelings in the mountain city scenery in early spring, making the scenery warm and bright and refreshing.
Third, the scene is the same (scene fusion)
China's poetics attaches great importance to the interaction between situations, which can be said to be an organic combination of the first two situations. Emotion and scene are interrelated and interpenetrated. "The scene is called two, but they are inseparable. God is a poet, and it is infinite "(Wang Fuzhi's Jiang Zhai Shi Hua). Take away feelings and write scenes in isolation, and poetry will lose its spirituality and appeal, thus losing its life. Simply writing about love, without the contrast of scenery, poetry will appear abrupt and unnatural, lacking image and meaning. Only the fusion of mind and matter can write a masterpiece with muddy artistic conception.
Du Fu's A Night in a Foreign Country: "The breeze rippled on the grass bank, passed through the night, and blew to my still high mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! Du Fu worked as Yanwu's assistant in Chengdu, and resigned after only half a year. Yanwu is dead. ......
What do you mean by physical environment, situation and artistic conception?
In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Changling put forward the theory that "poetry has three realms", holding that aesthetic comprehension is the realm of objects, scenes and artistic conception from the superficial to the deep. Some Zen masters believe that meditation needs three stages to reach the ethereal realm: from "seeing mountains as mountains and water as water"; It is necessary to "see the mountain is not a mountain, and see the water is not water"; Then to "see the mountain or the mountain, see the water or the water." I will use three poems to illustrate these three stages.
Wang Tianmen Mountain (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai
Tianmen breaks the Chu River, and Higashi Shimizu flows.
The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails come alone.
The word "Wang" in the title of the poem shows the magnificent scenery overlooking Tianmen Mountain. Many annotations in the past often misunderstood poetry because they didn't have a clear foothold of "hope". Looking around, "the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails are coming alone." These two sentences are an inseparable whole. The poet is not standing somewhere on the shore overlooking Tianmen Mountain, but his foothold is a "lone sail" coming from Japan.
If you stand on a fixed foothold on the shore, "looking at Tianmen Mountain in the distance" will probably only produce a static feeling of "the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite". On the contrary, the ship sailed down the river, looking at Tianmen and two distant mountains, showing an increasingly clear posture, and this feeling of "green mountains on both sides of the strait are opposite" is very prominent. The word "Chu" not only vividly shows the unique gesture of "overlooking Tianmen Mountain" when taking a boat tour, but also contains the fresh and pleasant feeling of the people on board. Tianmen Mountain, facing the Jiajiang River, seems to be coming towards itself, expressing its welcome to the visitors from the river. Since Qingshan is so affectionate to distant guests, they should be more interested, otherwise this poem will not come out. In this poem, the author, which we call the aesthetic subject here, is separated from the aesthetic objects such as Tianmen Mountain and Jiang Shui, and has good water and mountain spirit. This is the standard "seeing mountains is mountains, seeing water is water."
Let's look at a poem by Wang Wei.
Back to my home in Songshan.
Author: Wang Wei
The clear river flows slowly through the bushes like my chariot.
I became a traveling companion and went home with the birds at dusk.
An abandoned city wall is above an old ferry, and the autumn sunset drowns the peaks.
In a distant place, next to Songshan Mountain, I will close my door and get peace.
This poem is about the scenery I saw on my way to resign and retire. Expressing the author's subtle and complicated feelings, retiring is a leisurely thing, and my feelings of retiring are the same as mine. Come back, close the door and have a rest. How comfortable it is. But also revealed a little helpless and helpless. Empty cities, ancient roads, sunset and autumn mountains all have desolate meanings.
The author personifies or sets off the scenery, combining with the poet's emotion. For example, "a yellow bird in flowing water seems to be a poet with affection and righteousness" and "emotion and scenery blend together", which means "seeing mountains is not mountains, and seeing water is not water"
"Bird Song Stream" Tang
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty.
When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream.
This poem is mainly about a quiet night in spring. Flowers fall, the moon rises and birds sing, all moving. The author uses the method of moving to set off the static. "When the moon is bright, the bird will be surprised, but when it sings in the spring stream." Because it is too quiet in the mountains, when a bright moon suddenly rises and bright Yin Hui falls on an empty valley shrouded in night, the birds in the mountains are terrified, so they sing beside the valley stream. This cry seems to break the silence in the mountains for a moment, but it also makes people feel more quiet and serene in the empty mountains. Wang Ji once wrote: "cicadas sing in the forest, and the sound palace mountain is more secluded." This little poem of Wang Wei is similar to this one. After careful tasting, Wang Ji's poem inevitably gives people a sense of reason, full of philosophical meaning, but lacking vivid description, while this poem is vivid, vivid, natural and full of interest. Although the flowers fall in the moon and birds sing in the poem, "these moving scenery make the poem look alive but not dead, and at the same time, it more prominently shows the tranquility of the spring stream through sports" (A Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry)
This poem realizes the integration of subject and object, mind and matter, man and nature. Only after the excitement of the "day" can the valley of the "night" be achieved, and it is also the tranquility and calmness after the gorgeous. At this time, "the mountain is still a mountain, and the water is still water."
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Poetry has a beautiful situation.
Dear landlord, I am glad to answer your question. Here are the answers.
Bai Haitang
Half-rolled curtains cover the door, and the ice is ground into earth jade as a basin.
Steal a pear for three cents and borrow a plum blossom for a soul.
The fairy in the moon cave sewed a gown, and the eternal woman in my heart tried to cry in autumn.
Who is shy and silent? I'm tired of leaning against the west wind at night.
Huatangchun (Nalan Rong Ruo)
A generation of two people will fight for two selflessness all their lives?
Acacia don't look at each other, who is spring?
The pulp is easy to get to the blue bridge, but the medicine is difficult to get to the blue ocean.
If you are like Oxford in Japan, you will forget poverty relatively.
A poem, Chen Lingqing
A sail, a river, a fishing boat, a fisherman and a hook.
A bow and a smile, a bright moon and an autumn.
Seven-syllable/seven-syllable quatrain
Yellow rain falls in a pool of autumn, and the wind is always sad when it comes late.
Never tired of floating life, but this is just a dream. I want to live half my life, but I have nothing to worry about.
A smile makes you forget your enmity, and you will be fascinated all your life.
A sigh, a reincarnation, even this bright flame of love, will there be only ashes? .
Who was given fame by Wan Li? Last autumn,
I don't know how to worry when I'm drunk tonight. I cry when I'm sad. Who will advise me to drink a thousand cups?
Hu Jia will take you home, the fat horse that you managed to catch up with.
No one can guess the cultivation, and the birds are admired in Qingyun, and the former is drunk.
Cut plums. Cross the Wujiang River by boat (Jie Jiang)
A piece of spring sorrow is waiting for the wine to pour, the boat on the river shakes, and the curtain moves upstairs.
Du Qiuniang and Tainiang Bridge, the wind is floating and the rain is falling.
When will you go home and wash your robe? The silver word is the tone, and the heart word is the fragrance.
The streamer easily dumped people, turning cherries into red and plantains into green.
Jade box. Yuan Xi (Xin Qiji)
One night, the east wind made up thousands of trees and flowers, blowing off the stars and rain. BMW carved cars and incense filled the road.
Phoenix flute moves, jade pot turns, fish dragon dances all night.
Moths, snow, willows, gold thread, laughter and incense are all gone. Looking for him in the crowd,
Suddenly looking back, the man was there, dimly lit.
Sauvignon Blanc (Bai Juyi)
Bianshui, Surabaya, flows to Guazhou ancient ferry, Wu Shan is a little sad.
Think of dragons, hate dragons, hate to rest when returning, and the moon people lean on the building.
Eight branches (Tang Li branch)
From near to far, Qingxi from deep to shallow.
As high as tomorrow, as deep as a shallow stream.
Qiu Yan's Ci (Yuan Haowen)
Ask the world, what is love, teaching life and death? Fly in all directions,
Old wings are hot and cold several times. Have fun, leave the bitterness, and there will be more children in school. You should have something to say,
The cloud is in Wan Li, and the sunset snow is in Qian Shan. Who are you looking at?
Hengfen Road, those days were lonely, drums were beating and smoke was flat. What's the point of arousing the soul,
It's stormy in Shan Gui. The sky is also jealous, I don't believe it. Birds and swallows are all loess. The times will last forever.
In order to leave it to the poet, I sang and drank and visited Qiu Yan.
Jiangchengzi (Su Shi)
On the twentieth night of my first month in Mao Yi, I remembered my dream.
Ten years of life and death are two boundless, disapproving and unforgettable. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about.
Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.
At night, I suddenly dreamed of going home, and the window of Xiao Xuan was being decorated. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears
It is estimated that the annual heartbroken place, moonlit night, short matsuoka.
Jie Lianhuan (Zhou Bangyan)
Resentment is faithless, lovers are cut off, and news is far away.
Skillful hands can be Jie Lianhuan, like wind scattered rain, fog light clouds light.
Swallow house is empty, dark dust lock, string rope bed.
Want to move roots and change leaves, all in the old days, hand-planted red medicine.
Du Ruo was born in Tingzhou. The ship is expected to bend along the coast and people are in the corner of the sky.
Memories, listening to books and gossiping that day, will always be burned.
Shui Yi Spring Festival, hope to send me, Jiangnan plum calyx.
Fight for this life, drink to the flowers and shed tears for Iraq.
Tsangyang Gyatso
I thought my passion would harm Brahma, but I was afraid to leave the whole city when I entered the mountain.
In this world, you can live up to the Tathagata, and you can live up to the Tathagata.
Yijianmei (Tang Yin)
Rain hits pear and closes the door. Forget youth, miss youth.
Pleasure * * * Who said that? Flowers are charming, and the moon is charming.
Worried about gathering eyebrows and gathering peaks. A thousand crying marks, ten thousand crying marks.
Look at the sky at dusk and the clouds at dawn. I miss you when I walk, but I miss you when I sit.
The Three, Five and Seven Words of Qiu Feng Ci
Autumn wind is clear, autumn moon is bright,
When the fallen leaves are scattered, the habitat in western Western jackdaw is full of surprises.
It's embarrassing to know when to meet on a blind date.
When you enter the door of lovesickness, you will know the suffering of lovesickness.
Sauvignon Blanc is like a memory, but short acacia is infinite.
If I had known that acacia was tied in my heart like this, it would not be like you didn't know.
Su Muzhe (Zhou Bangyan)
Burn agarwood to relieve summer heat. Birds call clear, intrude into the eaves.
The leaves of Chuyang withered all night, the water was clear and round, and the wind and lotus rose one by one.
My hometown is far away. When will I go? I have lived in Wumen for a long time. ......