1. The function of scenery description: to render the atmosphere, contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot, show the quality of the characters and contrast the central meaning.
2. The function of description method: to express the character and reflect the theme of the work.
3. The role of metaphor, personification and other rhetoric: the rhetoric of … is used to write …
4. The role of parallelism: enhance the expressive force of language and vivid writing. ...
5. The role of rhetorical questions: strengthen the tone, cause the following, connecting the preceding with the following.
6. The role of rhetorical questions: arouse the reader's attention and thinking, lead to the following, connecting the preceding with the following.
7. The function of the topic: summarize the content; Reveal the theme; Hint clue
8. The role of the first paragraph:
1. environmental description: point out the location and environment where the story takes place, lead to the following, and pave the way for the development of the following plot.
2. Others: start with the topic and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Cite the full text or cause the following, paving the way for the development of the following plot.
9. The role of the middle sentence: the excessive role of connecting the preceding with the following.
10. The function of concluding argumentative sentences: summarize the full text, take care of the beginning, point out the center and deepen the theme.
1 1. Narrative order: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
12. The advantages of the writer: the first person is authentic; The second person said, kind and natural; The third person can be described from many angles, not limited by time and space.
13. The form of narrative clues: physical objects; Characters; Changes in thoughts and feelings; Time; Change of position; Central event
14. Method of finding clues: title; A recurring word or thing; Lyrical argument sentence
15. sentence paragraph appreciation is considered from three aspects: content (what is written and what is unique in material selection); Form (writing method, language features, rhetoric); Emotion (social value, meaning, function, etc. (of the article)
Induction of Basic Knowledge Points of Chinese in Junior Middle School
first part
Two common narrative clues: object line and emotional line.
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three kinds of people: the first person, the second person and the third person.
Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Characters mainly master the reading skills of depicting characters through appropriate description methods and angles and reflecting their thoughts and personalities.
Plot mainly understands the basic content of each part and the methods and skills to understand and analyze the plot of the novel.
Begin to explain the background and pave the way for the following.
For example, at the beginning of Kong Yiji, the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the scenes of two different identities and positions of drinkers (short coat gang and long coat customers) were described, which explained the social background of the disparity between the rich and the poor and class opposition at that time, paving the way for the emergence of this special figure, Kong Yiji.
Develop the characters' personalities and embody their individuality.
The climax shows conflict and reveals the theme.
The ending deepens the theme and leaves some thoughts.
The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, predicts the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots.
.
The social environment describes the social situation, explains the background of the story, reveals the social essence, and paves the way for the following content.
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
Three narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback and insertion. Supplementary narrative is an interpolation.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
part four
Five argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation, contrast argumentation and quotation argumentation.
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five usages of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ table specific appellation ④ table emphasizes or emphatically points out ⑤ specific meaning.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six logical sequences: ① General → Individual ② Phenomenon → Essence ③ Cause → Result ④ Generalization → Specific ⑤ Part → Whole ⑤ Major → Minor.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; ④ Emotional contradiction; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Part VI
Seven interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification, definition and quotation.
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Part VII
Eight types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; 8 Causal complex sentences; 8 assume complex sentences and accept complex sentences.
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
Ten commonly used writing techniques: symbol, contrast, foil, contrast, foreshadowing, reference (echo), direct (indirect) description, promotion and suppression (if you want to promote it, then suppress it first), lyricism with scenery, and metaphor with things.
Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature.
For example: Haiyan
Comparing the tall image of Haiyan with the cowardly image of sea ducks, seagulls and penguins, it highlights the distinctive characteristics of Haiyan's courage and courage to fight.
Lyricism by borrowing scenery is to express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.
For example, from "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue".
From different angles and levels, the article vividly depicts the interesting scenery of the White Grass Garden and the boring life scene in the three pools and the moon, showing the author's thoughts and feelings of loving nature, enjoying a free and happy life and being dissatisfied with feudal education that restricts children's physical and mental development.
Metaphor is used to describe things, highlight the characteristics of things, and express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments with metaphor.
First suppress and then promote, first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and internal meaning of things, then affirm and praise things, and emphasize the characteristics of things more prominently.
Second, argumentative reading
In real life, we often need to express our attitude, express our views and explain our views on people, things, things or certain phenomena. This is a discussion. An article with discussion as its main expression is called argumentative paper, also called argumentative paper. This style has high practical value, such as editorials, comments and miscellaneous feelings in newspapers and magazines, as well as speeches and debates in life.
Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. An argumentative essay, whether it is an argument, a rebuttal or a combination of the two, has a clear argument. Argumentative writing includes two basic forms: fact and truth. Arguments and arguments are organized through argumentation. So, how to read argumentative essays?
First, finding the right argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Some articles, the title is the central argument, such as "frugality and morality"; Some articles put forward arguments at the beginning, such as "Talking about backbone", which put forward that "we China people have backbone" at the beginning; The central argument of some articles appears at the end of the article; Some articles put forward central arguments in the process of discussion, such as "thinking and doing"; There are also some articles that are not very concentrated in the expression of arguments, which require readers to select and refine from a large number of materials and summarize them.
Second, the analysis and argumentation is guided by argumentation and serves for argumentation. There are two types of arguments commonly used-factual argument and rational argument.
Factual arguments: including representative and conclusive examples or historical facts.
Rationality demonstration: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theory, as well as the principles, laws and formulas of natural science and widely circulated proverbs, famous sayings and aphorisms.
Third, clear argumentation methods There are various argumentation methods, and there are four common ones:
① Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument;
③ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;
4 Metaphorical argument: Use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. Most argumentative papers use several methods comprehensively.