Write Xiang Yu,
Summer quatrains
Li Qingzhao
Living as an outstanding person,
Death is also a ghost.
I still miss Xiang Yu,
More important than crossing the river by boat
[Notes]
1. Hero: a hero among the people. Emperor Gaozu once praised the founding heroes Sean, Xiao He and Han Xin as "outstanding figures".
2. Ghost hero: the hero in the ghost. Qu Yuan's national mourning: "When you die, God takes the spirit, and the soul is a ghost."
3. Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC): He was born in the late Qin Dynasty (now Suqian, Jiangsu). He led the rebel army to destroy the main force of Qin Jun and became the overlord of Chu. After being defeated by Liu Bang, he broke through to Wujiang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province) and committed suicide.
[Modern Translation]
Living in a crowd like a hero,
Dead should also be a hero among ghosts.
People still miss Xiang Yu,
Because he refused to drag out an ignoble existence and went back to Jiangdong.
[explanation]
This poem clearly puts forward the value orientation of life: people should be heroes in life and make contributions to the country; Even if you die, you have to die for your country and become a hero in ghosts. Patriotic passion, beyond words, was really inspiring. The rulers of the southern song dynasty, regardless of the lives of the people, only care about their own escape; Abandon the rivers and mountains of the Central Plains, but beg to drag out an ignoble existence. Then, the poet remembered Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu broke through to Wujiang River, and the director of Wujiang Pavilion advised him to cross the river quickly, return to Jiangdong and beat the drums again. Xiang Yu felt ashamed to see his elders in Jiangdong, so he turned around and killed hundreds of enemy troops, and then committed suicide. The poet lashed out at the shameless behavior of the rulers in the Southern Song Dynasty, and used the ancient times to satirize the present, which was awe-inspiring. There are only twenty words in the whole poem, and three allusions are used in succession, but it's no harm to pile them up, because they are all the poet's voices. The poems that hit the floor are so generous and vigorous, all written by women, which really makes people overwhelmed.
2. About bard Bard (English: Bard) originally refers to people who write carols and satires among Celts. By extension, it refers to the poets and singers in the tribe who are good at writing and chanting heroes and their achievements. As early as 1 century, the Latin writer Lou Kanus described the bard as a national poet or singer in Gaul or Britain.
This custom gradually disappeared in Gaul, but it survived in Ireland or Wales. Irish bards kept the tradition of singing poems. In Wales, the word "bard" has always been synonymous with poets; 10 century bard is divided into different grades. Although this kind of poets declined in the late Middle Ages, this tradition in Wales survived and was celebrated in the annual national competition of poets and musicians.
Bards enjoyed privileges in ancient Celtic society. They sang poems in praise of tribal leaders and celebrated the promulgation of laws. Gaul's bard disappeared under the rule of Roman Empire, but in Gaelic areas of Scotland, bard existed until18th century. In Wales, although the competition at the artists' annual meeting in15th century and16th century was fierce, the level of bard after the Middle Ages was greatly reduced. Today, poets who want to compete for positions at the national artists' annual meeting still have to write poems with alliteration and antithesis in accordance with the classic bard style.
3. Who gave a bard a poem? The memory of a bard-a bloody case caused by a poem. People who are in a hurry, please stop.
You will hear the confession of Clerides' angel in loneliness: I left quietly, just as I came quietly. The moment of parting will make the chrysanthemums around you bloom beautifully.
Through the plains where the master sleeps, through the valley where the devil rages. I brought Clairaux's blessing to every silent land.
The people of Kinisal sang for me, and the alarm of the pioneers sounded because of me. Every breath stops because of my arrival, and every heart is sad because of my departure.
Countless people are chasing my footsteps, and endless words are telling me about my cruelty. Little soul, but never understand the shelter I gave.
At the end of the road covered with chrysanthemum petals, it is an eternal refuge. There is no need to be furious about grievances, and there will be no conflict of interest.
Please remember everyone I took with me. I am not a footman in Baranja, nor a witch in the Ice Magic Tower.
Where there are people, there will be my arrival. Because my mission is to make every pair of eyes bloom.
I left quietly, just as I came quietly. What will be left is a sea of chrysanthemums in full bloom.
Bards, historical bards, existed as early as the heroic age of ancient Greece, probably in 10 century BC.
Homer's epic is based on the story sung by the bard. Bards are often illiterate. They tell stories of mythical heroes orally and perform at aristocratic banquets in the palace. As early as 1 century, the Latin writer Lou Kanus described the bard as a national poet or singer in Gaul or Britain.
This custom gradually disappeared in Gaul, but it survived in Ireland or Wales. Irish bards kept the tradition of singing poems.
In Wales, the word bard has always been synonymous with poets; 10 century bard is divided into different grades. Although this kind of poets declined in the late Middle Ages, this tradition in Wales survived and was celebrated in the annual national competition of poets and musicians.
So their poems are generally handed down orally, so as long as you write some gorgeous, beautiful and easy-to-circulate poems and become famous, you are a bard. Troubadeur is a specialty of the Middle Ages. They are all very talented, with both noble and humble origins.
They used their wisdom to make up many novels and stories. Sometimes you are invited to Sir Alex's castle. Your wife, young lady and their warriors sit together in turn according to their respective identities. Some of them hold fragrant cheeks, while others gently release their weapons. But when they are carefree and fascinated, they listen attentively to him playing the piano and singing.
In spring, in the lush garden; In winter, in the vast salon. Sometimes, they parade to the suburbs. On the green pasture, the rest shepherdess and the nearby Fu Tian peasant women gathered around them, until they listened to his story, picked up their violins, staggered to the village, stayed in the evening breeze, and then dispersed disconsolately.
Therefore, on lucky days, they can be accompanied by young dancers and singers and provide them with exquisite accommodation for several consecutive nights; But unfortunately, he often holds the violin alone and is even rejected by the charity love temple. He turned and left the mountain gate sadly, because St. Bernard once said, "The trick of singing is not enough to entertain God." In order to be welcomed by the audience, all-body soldiers broke through a fortress alone, beautiful women prayed beads on the terrace under the moon and wept in mourning for their thin lovers, and young blond men and women kissed privately among kumquat flowers, all of which became their wonderful themes.
Old English period refers to the formation period of English-speaking countries and English languages. The earliest literary form is oral poetry. The main poets are Bards, Glaiman, Mina Singh and Bards.
It was not until Christianity was introduced into England that some poems were recorded. The most important literary work in this period is the English national epic Beowulf, written in alliteration.
Bards originally referred to people who wrote carols and satires among Celts. By extension, it refers to the poets and singers in the tribe who are good at writing and reciting poems and have achieved great success. As early as 1 century, the Latin writer Lou Kanus described the bard as a national poet or singer in Gaul or Britain.
This custom gradually disappeared in Gaul, but it survived in Ireland or Wales. Irish bards kept the tradition of singing poems.
In Wales, the word bard has always been synonymous with poets; 10 century bard is divided into different grades. Although this kind of poets declined in the late Middle Ages, this tradition in Wales survived and was celebrated in the annual national competition of poets and musicians.
It is said that music has special magic power, and the bard proved it. Bards wander around, collecting local legends and spreading them around.
He used music to perform magic tricks, which made the audience sometimes cry and sometimes rejoice. This is the life of traveling around the world. Bards have to face all kinds of people, so they often become diplomats, coordinators, messengers, spies or spies.
The bard's magic comes from the heart. A kind-hearted bard can bring hope and courage to the unfortunate people and use his kind musical magic to fight against the tricks of evil people.
In the face of corrupt local lords, a good bard will resist tyranny, cleverly avoid being hunted down, and inspire the courage of the oppressed people. But evil people can also play music. Evil bards don't like to use violence, but use superb skills to manipulate other people's hearts and collect their "voluntary" gifts from obsessed listeners.
5. Ask for information about the bard. Troubadeur is a special product of the Middle Ages.
They are all very talented, with both noble and humble origins. They used their wisdom to make up many novels and stories.
Sometimes invited to Sir Alex's castle, your wife, young lady and their warriors sit around in turn according to their own identities, some holding fragrant cheeks and some gently releasing weapons, but when they are carefree and fascinated, they listen attentively to him playing the piano and singing. In spring, in the lush garden; In winter, in the vast salon.
Sometimes, they parade to the suburbs. On the green pasture, the rest shepherdess and the nearby Fu Tian peasant women gathered around them, until they listened to his story, picked up their violins, staggered to the village, stayed in the evening breeze, and then dispersed disconsolately. Therefore, on lucky days, they can be accompanied by young dancers and singers and provide them with exquisite accommodation for several consecutive nights; But unfortunately, he often holds the violin alone and is even rejected by the charity love temple. He turned and left the mountain gate sadly, because St. Bernard once said, "The trick of singing is not enough to entertain God."
In order to be welcomed by the audience, all-body soldiers broke through a fortress alone, beautiful women prayed beads on the terrace under the moon and wept in mourning for their thin lovers, and young blond men and women kissed privately among kumquat flowers, all of which became their wonderful themes. Old English period refers to the formation period of English-speaking countries and English languages.
The earliest literary form is oral poetry. The main poets are Bards, Glaiman, Mina Singh and Bards. It was not until Christianity was introduced into England that some poems were recorded.
The most important literary work in this period is the English national epic Beowulf, written in alliteration. Bards originally referred to people who wrote carols and satires among Celts. By extension, it refers to the poets and singers in the tribe who are good at writing and reciting poems and have achieved great success.
As early as 1 century, the Latin writer Lou Kanus described the bard as a national poet or singer in Gaul or Britain. This custom gradually disappeared in Gaul, but it survived in Ireland or Wales.
Irish bards kept the tradition of singing poems. In Wales, the word bard has always been synonymous with poets; 10 century bard is divided into different grades.
Although this kind of poets declined in the late Middle Ages, this tradition in Wales survived and was celebrated in the annual national competition of poets and musicians. It is said that music has special magic power, and the bard proved it.
Bards wander around, collecting local legends and spreading them around. He used music to perform magic tricks, which made the audience sometimes cry and sometimes rejoice. This is the life of traveling around the world.
Bards have to face all kinds of people, so they often become diplomats, coordinators, messengers, spies or spies.
6. I want to read the poem written by the bard, the song of Roland. King Arthur's story poem nbsp；; Tristan and Ethelina Fox's Talesnbsp； nbsp The Legend of nbspnbsp; French literature in the Middle Ages is basically a verse, which is a kind of oral literature that is easy for poets to recite.
According to the types, there are religious literature, heroic epic (martial arts songs), court literature, knight literature, scholar literature, civic literature and so on. According to genre, there are poems, plays, chronicles and verse stories. The passionate and romantic nature of the French nation, coupled with the most developed chivalry in France and the geographical conditions along the Mediterranean coast in southern Europe, have made achievements in almost all aspects of French medieval literature, such as the heroic epic Song of Roland, the story poems of King Arthur and Tristan and Zissel in knight stories, the story of Lena Fox and the legend of roses in civic literature, and so on.
The representative figures of citizen lyric poetry are Lutebov and Francois Villon Francoisnbsp; As a link between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Villone has two earliest schools of poetry in France: Rhetoric School and Lyon School. Evolution process [edit this paragraph] nbsp; Nbsp; the earliest form nbsp; Nbsp5 At the end of the 5th century, a Frankish dynasty appeared on today's French land.
It is an independent kingdom named after France, which began in the middle of the 9th century from AD nbsp. "Kingdom of France" refers to the kingdom of the Franks.
The establishment of the Kingdom of France marks the formation of national unity in France, and also marks the formation of the national language, namely Romance. Romance, as the predecessor of modern French, is a folk language mixed with Latin and local dialects, and is called "vulgar Latin".
The earliest French literary works were written in romance. Nbspnbspnbsp In the history of French literature, the Peace Treaty of Strasbourg in 1982 was the first symbol of the origin of French literature.
This document is only the terms of the offensive and defensive alliance between Frank King Bald Charlie and Germanic King Louis at that time, and its content has nothing to do with literature. Because the full text of the oath was to be read out in unison by the French soldiers present, Latin, the official language at that time, was useless and could only be written in the folk language of Romans.
Therefore, this document not only became the first precious material in the history of French, but also was regarded as the first milestone in the history of French literature. Nbspnbspnbsp 10 century and 1 10 century, there are no important records in the history of French literature except a few essays about saints.
These biographies of saints are all written in verse. For example, 1 1 Century Westbound San Alec includes a poem of nbsp265.
At that time, there were all kinds of oral works among the people, but only oral literature with religious themes was recorded. This is because only the church mastered the culture at that time, and only the clergy had the conditions to record the oral documents circulated by the people, after their choice and polishing.
Nbspnbspnbsp medieval nbsp; Medieval literature is the first chapter in the history of French literature. The so-called Middle Ages in the general history of France refers to the years from 842 to 15 15, that is, from the Peace Treaty of Strasbourg to the accession of French King Francois I.
The Middle Ages in the history of literature were roughly divided in this way. Nbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp The earliest French document "Strasbourg Covenant" nbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp lasted for five or six hundred years in the Middle Ages. Great changes have taken place in French society during this long historical development.
From nbsp From the 9th century to 1 1 century, the feudal system came into being and matured. 12 century is the heyday of feudal system.
/kloc-since the 0/3rd century, a new social stratum, the citizen stratum, has gradually formed and developed. It is the predecessor of the bourgeoisie, and its relationship with feudal forces is antagonistic and mutually utilized, because the political forces representing the feudal hierarchy and centralization at that time, with the cooperation of the civil class, gradually changed the feudal separatist situation.
Nbspnbspnbsp There were contradictions and conflicts between feudalism and anti-feudalism in medieval French society. In terms of feudal forces, there are two factors: feudal aristocrats and Christian churches.
In the aspect of anti-feudalism, there are also two factors: farmers and the citizen class. In literature, this complex class relationship is reflected in the vigorous development of works of various styles and genres.
In the process of the rise of the feudal class, the people once praised the martial arts of feudal lords and preached patriotism to the motherland. The theme of Song of Roland, which was popular in 1 1 century, came into being on this basis.
Nbspnbspnbsp Song of Roland praised Charlemagne's martial arts and the loyalty of his knights. Roland who died in battle is a typical image of this kind of knight. Song of Roland is an epic, which has the basic elements of ancient epic, that is, eulogizing the meritorious service and sincere love of warriors. Roland's fiancee fainted to the ground as soon as she heard that Roland was killed in the battle. This is an expression of love.
Nbspnbspnbsp martial arts song is a kind of oral literature popular in France in 1 1 century. Song of Roland is a masterpiece of popular martial arts songs at that time.
/kloc-in the 0/2nd century, court novels became popular in France after martial arts songs. This kind of novel is a kind of rhyming poetry, which is convenient for oral transmission and memory.
The court novel is the earliest novel in the history of French literature. The main content of nbspnbspnbsp's court novels is the love and worship of knights to ladies. They go through fire and water to win their favor.
Palace novels reflect the changes in the life and mental outlook of French feudal nobles in the13rd century. The aristocratic class changed from advocating martial arts and loving fighting and hunting to indulging in luxury life, and began to appreciate literature and art, attach importance to politeness and strive for elegance in language. The theme of Tristram and Ithaca, the masterpiece of court novels, is the supremacy of love, which means that "love is more important than life and death.
7. What are the poems that describe the poet's free and easy, holding Shan Hai Jing in his hand and wearing a wine towel?
Xing chasing lonely clouds, the heart disappears with birds.
-Ode to Tao Yuanming, Yan Zhenqing
In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead.
Drunk moon, sage of dreams, bewitched by flowers, you turned a deaf ear to the emperor.
-send a message to Meng Bai.
Drunk three thousand songs, stay with the moon.
-"Reading Li Baiji" Zheng Gu
A man of character, a fairy, a poet, a wine saint, all his life.
—— Xu Jun and Li Bai
Ride a pommel horse and have a drink in the snow.
Meet at the cross gate, without a crown.
Sleep in the spring breeze and watch the autumn moon at night.
-"Give Yuan Zhen" Bai Juyi