First, the theme. That is, what is written. There are mainly patriotism and love for the country, worrying about the country and hurting the country, making contributions, failing to meet talents, being ambitious and hard to pay, being aloof from the world, hurting spring, seeing off friends, nostalgia, missing relatives, caring for people, that is, being affectionate about things, expressing their feelings, mocking the present and going to the ancient times, cherishing the old and hurting themselves, yearning for the countryside, living in seclusion in mountains and rivers, leading troops to defend the border, participating in meditation and reasoning, and people ... Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Just as I am sitting here watching a fisherman casting, I feel like a squid. " This poem is a dry poem, which expresses a person's ambition and wants to make contributions. The first couplet and the couplet write about the scenery, which makes Dongting Lake very cheerful and ambiguous. Wang Yang is vast, connected with the sky, nourishing thousands of flowers and trees, surging and full of vitality. Neck couplet and tail couplet are lyrical. Facing the vast lake, the poet thinks that he is still in the wild, and no one can find his way, just like no boat can cross the lake. So I pleaded with Prime Minister Zhang: Master Zhang, the ruler, I admire you for coming out to preside over the state affairs, but as an opposition, I can't follow around and work for you, so I can only show my admiration in vain. In these words, the poet used metaphor and skillfully used "it is better to retreat and build a net in the forest" ("Huainanzi? 6? 1 is an old saying of Xun Lin), which is another renovation; And "Fishing" just takes care of the "lake" without any trace, which naturally expresses the feeling that I don't want to go out and do something in this peaceful and prosperous era of "Ming Sheng".
Second, the meaning and expressive effect of words. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain": "Tianmen cuts off the Chu River and Higashi Shimizu flows. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails are alone. " The word "interruption" in the first sentence shows the majestic momentum of the Chu River (a section of the Yangtze River flowing through the old Chu land) breaking through the Tianmen Pentium. It gives people rich associations: Tianmen Mountain and Tianmen Mountain were originally a whole, blocking the turbulent river. Due to the impact of the surging waves of the Chu River, Tianmen was knocked open and became two mountains. In the author's pen, the Chu River seems to have a strong vitality, showing the magical power to overcome all obstacles, and Tianmen Mountain seems to be quietly giving way to it. Another example is Lang Shiyuan's "Looking at the South Bailin Temple": "I heard the bells on the stream and the boats were deep and loose. After Qingshan, the clouds are still there, and four or five peaks are painted in the southwest. " There are many paintings in Tang poetry, and this little poem has a unique flavor. Especially in the fourth sentence, against the blue sky and white clouds, the towering peaks are like "paintings". It's meaningless to replace the word "lining" with the word "painting". The word "lizi" means that the peak is inherent and unremarkable; When we say "painting", it seems that there is nothing in the peak, but it is improvised, with clouds as the hair, forests as the ink, and sky as the paper. Its color is fresh and moist, and there is still a feeling of just taking off the pen and ink stone. This not only describes the beauty of the mountain peak, but also conveys the surprise and pleasure of the "Watchman".
Third, the meaning and expressive effect of poetry. For example, Li Bai's "Climbing the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing": "Phoenix once played here, hence its name, and now it has been abandoned in this deserted river. Martial arts flowers were laid on deserted paths, and the number of relatives and friends in the Jin Dynasty has become a famine. Three mountains and a half fall outside the blue sky, and Egret Island is wet. A cloud rises between the light of heaven and me, hiding his city from my melancholy heart. " This poem was written after the author returned from exile and was forgiven. One said that it was written by the author when he was driven out of Chang 'an and went south to Jinling during Tianbao years. But in any case, Li Bai always cares about reality. He saw Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, from Jinling, the imperial capital of the Six Dynasties. "A cloud rises between the light of heaven and me, hiding his city from my melancholy heart." These two poems have profound implications. Chang 'an is the seat of the imperial court, and the sun is the symbol of the emperor. Lu Jia, bureaucratic? 6? 1 Shenpian says: "Evil ministers cover up the virtuous, just like clouds cover up the sun and the moon." Li Bai's two poems imply that the emperor is surrounded by evil spirits, but he can't serve the country, and his mood is very painful. The word "Deng" in the poem "See Chang 'an" is touching and sad, which means fable and has endless aftertaste. The author interweaves historical allusions, the scenery in front of him and the poet's own feelings to express his embrace when he is worried about the country, the people and the country, which is of great significance.
To understand the meaning of words and poems, we must pay attention to analyzing whether they use puns. If you use puns, you must analyze their literal meaning and deep meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's "Baiyun Spring": "Baiyun Spring is on Tianping Mountain, and there is no water in the clouds. Why rush down the mountain and add waves to the world? " This poem uses puns. What is written on the surface is Baiyun Spring, but it is actually a wish of my own. White clouds are long, floating in the wind, and springs are gurgling and flowing freely. Why should spring rush down the mountain and add waves to the troubled world? This is undoubtedly the psychological portrayal of the author who wants to live a leisurely life and is unwilling to bring trouble to the world.
Fourth, thoughts and feelings. Grasping thoughts and feelings can start from the following aspects:
(1) Grasp the topic, that is, look at the theme from the topic, that is, see what this poem is about.
(2) Understand the meaning of poetry, especially the meaning of "poetic eye".
(3) Explore the author's writing intention.
(4) Clarify the historical background related to poetry and the author's life and ideological background.
(5) Appreciate the emotional color of poetry.
For example, Huang Tingjian's "Hating Love" in the Northern Song Dynasty: "A wave pushes 10,000 waves, using a fishing line. The golden scales are deep, and thousands of feet must hang down. Throwing and swallowing, doubting the letter, taking the bait late. Jiang Jing, Shui Han, is full of mountains and green hills, and the moon is in the sky. " This word has no title. However, Huang Tingjian's life revealed the author's writing intention. Like teacher Su Shi, he was relegated all his life. Write the word fisherman's life. On a lonely boat, there was a dead man fishing on the Han River and hooked into the water. In order to catch the "golden scale" in the deep water, he did not hesitate to hang thousands of feet. But it seems that the fish swallowed and spit the bait, and it was too late to take the bait. Isn't this the author's suspicion of officialdom politics? The next three sentences, clear and clear, are written in a bright moon in Qingshan, and the scene is far away. It can be seen that the fisherman's ambition is not to fish, but to enjoy this carefree life in the river, away from the hubbub. This is the author's condemnation several times, feeling the ups and downs of life, and dreaming of a carefree transcendental realm in my heart. So is the so-called "fisherman's style".
Fifth, emotional tendency. Grasp the emotional tendency from the following aspects:
(A) the emotional color of words. Specifically: 1. Touch the author's attitude from praise to criticism; 2. Feel the sadness and joy of the author from the cold and warm.
(2) Analyze what kind of emotion a poem specifically expresses from the theme.
(3) Grasp the author's writing purpose from the background of writing times, the author's life and ideological background.
(4) Grasp the ideological and emotional context of the whole poem from the transformation of poetic content. ：
For example, Cen Can's Spring in the Mountain in the Tang Dynasty said: "At dusk, crows fly in the Liang Garden, and there are three or two families in the polar depression. The court tree doesn't know where people are going, and the old flowers come in spring. " This poem uses cold words to express the desolation of "Liangyuan". Using anthropomorphic techniques, it is said that "the courtyard tree doesn't know" and "the courtyard tree" and "returning old flowers" are used to describe "people go to the empty building", which expresses the thoughts and feelings of hating war. The author has been in the frontier fortress for a long time, and he feels deeply about the harm of war, and his writing style is relatively real. Another example is Yuan's Sauvignon Blanc: "Nanfeng, Beifeng and Nanbei peaks are light and thick. In the lakes and mountains. Pick hibiscus, enjoy hibiscus, and the little red boat goes from west to east. Acacia has no way. " Yuan Zhengzhen, a poet, was originally a palace maid in the Southern Song Dynasty. 1276, the Yuan army attacked Lin 'an, and Empress Dowager Xie pleaded for surrender. Soon, more than 3,000 people from Empress Dowager Cixi's three palaces moved north to the Yuan capital. Wang Yuanzhen, a poet who was a pianist at that time, wrote three times and wanted to return to Jiangnan as a Taoist. On the occasion of his farewell to Nandu, the old palace in the Southern Song Dynasty bid farewell and exchanged poems. Yuan's words were written at this time. This word is very similar to a love poem describing the lovesickness of men and women in terms of theme, style and even language. However, from his life background, lovesickness is only a form rented by the author, and its profound meaning lies in expressing the author's hatred of national subjugation and homesickness. From the lack of description of "lakes and mountains", we can also try to figure out its intention. The author writes naturally and brilliantly, writing about scenery and things and telling stories. Make a pun, show your mind. Use metaphors to express the hatred of home and country and the thoughts of home.
Sixth, the idea of organizing answers to ideological content appreciation questions. When doing the topic of ideological content appreciation, we should organize answers from three aspects:
(1) qualitative. That is to say, to explain the meaning of a word or a poem in explanatory language, or to briefly describe the thoughts and feelings of a poem in general language.
(2) Writing methods and rhetorical methods. Because thoughts and feelings involve form, we should answer what writing methods and rhetorical methods to use.
(3) analysis. Explain the related content of a word or a poem in a poem, or specifically analyze how poetry expresses thoughts and feelings, and analyze the expression effect of writing methods and/or rhetoric methods.
For example, Lv Benzhong's "Picking Mulberry Sons" in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Hating the monarch is not like the moon, north and south, east and west, north and south, only with each other. Damn you, you are like the moon hanging high above the river, just perfect and gone, and I don't know when it will wait until the moon is round again. If the title asks: "Jiang Lou Yue" is the same, and the protagonist in the poem is "not like hating the monarch" and "like hating the monarch", how do you understand it? Please describe it specifically. The "reference answer" can be: between the lines, the protagonist hopes that the other party, like the moon, can accompany himself no matter which direction in the sky; At the same time, I don't want each other to be like the moon, because the moon is always in deficit and only has a temporary reunion. Here, metaphors are used to express the same feeling of missing each other and longing for reunion from two different angles, with "Jiang Lou Yue" as the same metaphor.
Ideological and emotional appreciation is mainly in the above six aspects. It is often closely combined with language and expressive ability. Of course, the key to writing a topic is to understand and grasp the thoughts and feelings of poetry. If you can read carefully, correctly grasp the thoughts and feelings of poetry, and master the thinking of solving problems, then you will be brilliant in writing topics. Original address of Lianshan courseware:/health/health/gaoshan/55455.htm.