Chatting, Mulan is knitting at home. I can't hear the loom, but I hear the woman sigh. Ask a woman what she thinks and what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about, and women have nothing to remember. Last night, I saw the military post, and Khan ordered more soldiers. The military books have 12 volumes, all with the names of lords. Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no big brother, and she is willing to be a pommel horse, so she will sign for him from now on.
Buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whip in the north. When I said goodbye to my parents, I was by the Yellow River at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard the Yellow River splashing. Say goodbye to the Yellow River and go to Montenegro at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard Yanshan Hu riding a horse.
Wan Li to Rongji, the mountain is flying. The breath of the new moon is golden, and the cold light is iron. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
See you later, the son of heaven is sitting in the hall. Policy 12 turn, before reward 100. Khan asked him what he wanted. Mulan doesn't need Shang Shulang. She is willing to send her son back to his hometown not far from Wan Li. Hearing the news of my daughter, I went out to help Guo; As soon as Sister A heard that Sister Mei was coming, she had to cut her red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. Open my East Pavilion door, sit in my West Pavilion bed, take off my wartime robe and wear my old clothes. When the window is decorated with clouds, the mirror is yellow. When I went out to meet the fire companions, I was both surprised and busy: I spent twelve years together, but I didn't know Mulan was a girl. Male rabbits have messy feet and female rabbits have blurred eyes; When two rabbits walk side by side, can I tell if I am a male or a female?
Mulan Poetry is an excellent literary work, especially suitable as a junior middle school text, because it is easy to understand and catchy, and its diction, artistic conception and phonology are easy to impress people. Needless to say, this poem is almost the vernacular of today. Individual new words or classical Chinese grammar are explained in textbooks and are easy to find online. Mainly talk about what is good about Mulan's poems.
beauty of language
The beauty of Mulan's poetry lies in its literariness and poetic beauty. This kind of beauty is different from the familiar Tang poetry and Song poetry. The first reading is very simple and easy to understand, but it is not shallow. Reading is full of vitality, and the image of a heroic heroine is vividly portrayed, reflecting a simple and energetic beauty. This is the characteristic of Yuefu poetry.
Yuefu was the official music institution of the Han Dynasty, and the imperial court needed music and songs for sacrifice or entertainment. Yuefu can write and compose music by itself, and also collect folk songs. The music of that year can't be verified, but there are many lyrics handed down, which are early Yuefu poems. Most of them are folk songs in Yuefu poems. For example, "Jiangnan" in the primary school text is a typical folk song of Yuefu in the Han Dynasty: lotus can be picked in the south of the Yangtze River, the lotus leaf is he, the fish plays the lotus leaf room, the fish plays the lotus leaf east, the fish plays the lotus leaf west, the fish plays the lotus leaf south and the fish plays the lotus leaf north.
Do you think Mulan poetry is somewhat similar to Jiangnan? In particular, "buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north", is it particularly similar to the four sentences in Jiangnan? This is the characteristic of a typical folk song, probably a chorus in the song. Literati poetry can hardly be written like this.
However, these folk poems are also loved by literati. Since the Han Dynasty, this kind of folk poetry has become popular among literati, further fixing the simple and fresh style of Yuefu poetry.
Among the brilliant Tang poems, Yuefu poems also occupy an important position, and Li Bai likes to write Yuefu poems. We have read many famous poems by Li Bai, which are quite different from most Tang poems, such as Into the Wine: Did you see how the Yellow River water moved out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return? This is so different from quatrains and metrical poems. In fact, this is Yuefu poetry, a title of Yuefu, and a song for feasting.
Yuefu Poetry and Metric Poetry
Yuefu poetry is a kind of pure and simple beauty, just like rough jade that has not been carved. After the main force of poetry creation became a literati, it gradually formed a complex metrical poem, which became a finely crafted beauty. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, metrical poems were called modern poems and modern poems, and Yuefu poems were called ancient poems and ancient poems accordingly.
Metric poems should abide by very strict rules of leveling, antithesis and rhyme, and pay attention to the use of allusions, which are basically not seen in Mulan's poems. There are some antitheses, but they are irregular. Some sentences rhyme, but it doesn't matter if they don't match. Yuefu poems basically have no formal requirements, and are freely used, which is very suitable for describing and expressing rich and passionate emotions. This is Li Bai's love.
Isn't that great? Why did poetry develop so complicated later? Complexity naturally has its advantages. "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets in the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " A reader who has never learned the rhyming rules of flat tones will not notice that this poem contains brilliant skills, but he will instinctively feel that this poem is very pleasant to read, which is the advantage of complex rules.
Allusions are also very useful, such as Li Bai's Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou: an old friend stayed in the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. These are two simple poems, but for readers who know the allusions, a strong feeling of parting and romance comes to them.
One is the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao: A long time ago, a yellow crane carried a saint to heaven, but now there is nothing left but the Yellow Crane Tower. The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years. Every tree in Hanyang has become clear due to sunlight, and Nautilus Island is covered with sweet grass. But I looked at my hometown, and the twilight was getting thicker, and the mist of sadness was filled on the river waves. Since Cui Hao mentioned this poem, Yellow Crane Tower has become a symbolic noun to express nostalgia and farewell. As soon as the word came out, the tone of the poem was there.
Another story is "Going to Yangzhou", which comes from a note in the Southern Dynasties. It's about four people talking about their ideals in life. One wants to get rich, the other wants to ride a crane and soar, and the other wants to be the secretariat of Yangzhou, because Yangzhou was basically synonymous with wealth in ancient times. The last person said, my ideal is better than all of you. I want to "ride a crane down Yangzhou for 100 thousand yuan" and take all the good things away! Since then, "going to Yangzhou" has become a romantic, chic and desirable intention. Fireworks go down to Yangzhou in March. Although we don't know what Meng Haoran did on this trip, we can feel Li Bai's praise and blessing to him just by looking at the word "Xiayangzhou".
We tried to change this poem to "An old friend died in Wuchang, and fireworks went down to Jinling in March". The meaning is correct. The Yellow Crane Tower is near Wuchang, Jinling and Yangzhou. It is still the land of gold powder in the Six Dynasties, but it is really boring to read.
Therefore, Yuefu poetry and metrical poetry have their own advantages and disadvantages. Tang poetry is brilliant, brilliant, just like peony in flowers. "Only peony is the real national color, and the capital moves when flowers bloom." But don't forget that there are many kinds of ancient poems in China, and metrical poems are only the outstanding representatives. Yuefu poems before the Tang Dynasty, or ancient poems, are like orchids in the mountains and daffodils in the streams. "Who is cuter than her? However, she lives alone in an empty valley. Only those who make up their minds can appreciate her beauty.
Image beauty
Mulan Poetry describes the story of Mulan joining the army as her father. What would you do if you were asked to write a composition on this topic? Generally speaking, it will be divided into three parts: receiving military orders and deciding to join the army for my father; Border clearance operation, 9 people died; Take off your armor and become a daughter. And the second part will be written as a key point with high probability.
But let's look at the part of Mulan's poem. Strictly speaking, there are only three sentences: Wan Li goes to Rongji, and the mountains are flying. The breath of the new moon is golden, and the cold light is iron. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
Some people say that the existing Mulan poems are incomplete, and the original must have a description of the battlefield, but it has been lost. But I think this is the beauty of Mulan's poems.
Mulan's poetry is indeed a narrative poem, but it is still a poem in essence, and it must follow the laws of poetry, which is definitely different from the narrative text. The six elements of a narrative: people, time, place, cause, process and result, must all be possessed, especially novels, which must be tiger's head, pig's belly and leopard's tail, and all parts must be full. I remember that Mo Yan's Sandalwood Punishment directly used these three words as the novel catalogue, which was the heyday of Mo Yan's creation. I am really confident.
But poetry is different. Poetry can't describe people or things in detail like novels. Poetry pays attention to images. Take "A Farewell to Meng Haoran's Yangzhou Tour" for example: the lonely sail overlooks the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky.
We can imagine the scene at that time: the two had a good talk at the Yellow Crane Tower; When boarding the ship, I politely and reluctantly said goodbye; The passenger ship is offshore, waving and wiping tears. Imagine writing all these processes into poems, can you still achieve masterpieces through the ages?
The beauty of this poem is that only the last scene is chosen-the small passenger ship is drifting away until it disappears into the sky, while the people who see it off are still standing there looking out ... This is the image of the poem-setting off the emotions you want to express with typical pictures.
On the other hand, the author must have made a choice-what do I want to express most? Obviously, what the author wants to create is a heroine image different from the traditional one. What's the difference between her and the traditional hero image? Her separation from her parents and hometown will be more affectionate. She has made great achievements, but she is not looking forward to fame and fortune, but looking forward to going home and living with her daughter.
In contrast, the description of fierce war scenes can not better highlight the differences between Mulan and traditional male images, so the author resolutely gave up this part. But the beauty of poetry is that abbreviation or ellipsis does not mean the lack of content, because readers will naturally imagine that it is now called brain tonic, which may be better than hard drawing by themselves.
This is very enlightening for us to write a composition: it doesn't have to be comprehensive, and sometimes it will achieve better results if you are careful and appropriate, but only if you know what you want to express, whether it is detailed or rough, depending on the core writing intention.
The beauty of history
When Mulan Poetry reverts to creation, we can still feel the vicissitudes of great history.
The textbook Mulan Poetry was written in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which is the mainstream view. In fact, some scholars think it is a work of the Tang Dynasty. For example, Zhu in Song Dynasty said "Khan" was a word widely used in Tang Dynasty. There is also a "tactical twelve turns", which is even more obvious, because this is the meritorious military service system of the Tang Dynasty. Raising the meritorious military service to one level is called "one turn", with a maximum of 12 turns. When it is promoted to the upper column country, it is the second level.
However, it does not rule out the possibility of modification, addition or deletion by future generations. Perhaps some sentences were added by people in the Tang Dynasty, such as "the new moon spreads gold, and the cold light makes iron clothes", which is very similar to the style of Tang poetry, unlike Yuefu poetry. Therefore, "Mulan Poetry" is more likely to have been written in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and later it was revised by scholars in previous dynasties and became what it is now.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties are a part of the great historical period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is a great split era in the history of China (the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms between Tang and Song Dynasties are called the small split era). The decline of the Han regime in the Central Plains led to the invasion of northern minorities, and the so-called "Five Chaos" was an event in this great historical period.
The era of great division is also called the era of great chaos and great darkness. Cao Cao's "Short Songs" wrote: When drinking is a song, life geometry, such as morning dew, is much more difficult to go to Japan. This is not a literati's imagination, but a realistic description of the people's destiny. In such troubled times, life is really like morning dew and may disappear at any time.
But darkness breeds light, and chaos breeds great hope. In this hundred-year-long separatist melee, the deep integration of biological genes and cultural genes from the nomadic people in the north and the farming people in the Central Plains is a key historical period for forging the Chinese nation. After a century of vicissitudes and great changes, the Chinese nation was reborn from nirvana and immediately reached the peak of world history with the glory of the Tang Dynasty.
Mulan poetry is a small annotation of this great era.
Why did the Central Plains civilization decline? Because history developed to the late Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains civilization fell into a strange circle of aristocratization, the regime was almost closed, and the upper and lower classes of society were isolated. The mainstream culture advocates luxury, exquisiteness and exquisite beauty, and it is popular to talk about Buddhism and Taoism every day. In the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the male images praised by people are as follows: pale, fragile, mysterious and unintelligible. Can such a civilization have vitality?
At this time, some of the northern nomadic people in the central plains have not even entered the civilized period. They suddenly entered the Central Plains, and their regime and culture still retain many savage, vigorous and rough characteristics. The story of Mulan's joining the army is unimaginable in a region deeply influenced by Confucian traditional culture, but it is by no means unusual in the North during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
For example, the northern folk song "Song of Little Sister Li Bo" written at the same time as Mulan's poem said that little sister Li Bo was graceful, her skirt was like a scroll, and she had to shoot both left and right. Women still did this, but men were at ease.
This is not a case. "Biography of Yang Dayan, the General of the Northern Wei Dynasty" (the general's brief name) wrote: Pan Shi, with a big wife, was good at riding and shooting. She came to visit Dayan in the military camp and went to battle to kill the enemy. Back in the barracks, she met the soldiers and smiled. Goose pointed to his wife and said, So is General Pan!
Mulan, Li Bo's sister and General Pan were all figures in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, the capital was in Datong today. I suggest you visit Yungang Grottoes in Datong, where you can feel the magnificent and rugged culture of the Northern Dynasties. Then go to the Six Dynasties Museum in Nanjing to see the exquisite and prosperous culture of the Southern Dynasties. Finally, I went to Xi 'an and felt the aftertaste of the prosperous Tang Dynasty-the glory of that prosperous time was the result of the integration of these two cultures.
Some reference books analyze the theme of Mulan's poems, saying that it shows women's resistance to feudal ethics, which is the result of not understanding the historical background of Mulan's poems. In the Northern Dynasties, women really had no time to fight against feudal etiquette!