Second, the number of articles.
There are 365,438+065,438+0 poems in The Book of Songs, among which Nanchang, Bai Hua, Shu Hua, Yougeng, Chongqiu and Youyi are the so-called "flourishing poems", so there are actually 305 poems. Mozi Meng Gong: "Three hundred poems are recited, three hundred are string poems, three hundred are song poems and three hundred are dance poems." Historical Records Confucius Family: "All 350 holes are string songs." All show that The Book of Songs is a collection of music songs that can be sung with music.
Third, the author
Only the authors of several articles in The Book of Songs are known, such as Xiaoya Knots Nanshan, Ode to My Father, Xiang Bo of Xiaoya, Mencius, Buddhism, such as this poem, and Yong Chi, which was recorded as Mrs. Xu Mu in Zuo Zhuan Gong Min's Second Year. However, it is already very difficult to write most articles. The so-called "three hundred poems" in Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An can only be a guess. It can be concluded that the authors of The Book of Songs are very extensive, ranging from upper-level officials and doctors to lower-level literati. The authors of "Feng" poems are mostly ordinary people at the lower level, and these poems are mostly collective creations.
Fourthly, the source and compilation of poetry in The Book of Songs.
The source and compilation of "Three Hundred Poems" are not clearly recorded in pre-Qin ancient books, and there have always been three statements:
1. On Poetry Collection: Zhou Dynasty sent special poets to collect ballads from the people to understand the advantages and disadvantages of politics and customs. The purpose of this poetry collection system is to observe the wind direction and politics.
(1) "Hunting in the Hole" written by the Western Han Dynasty: "The ancient emperor ordered the history to collect ballads to observe the folk customs."
(2) The Book of Yang Xiongshu by Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty: "Ask the three generations, Zhou, and its director Qin Xuan is a car messenger and a human messenger. In August, he patrolled the road to ask the generations, nursery rhymes and songs."
(3) Ban Gu's Annals of Chinese Literature in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Therefore, there were poetry collectors in ancient times, so you observed the customs, knew the gains and losses, and taught yourself the truth."
(4) History of Food in Hanshu: "Meng Chunyue, who lives in groups, is more famous than his temperament, because pedestrians shake Mu Duo to collect poems and offer his master. Therefore, you know the world without watching the door. "
⑤ He Xiu's Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Men and women complain and sing together. Hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their affairs. Male is 60 years old, female is 50 years old, childless, and the official gives her food and clothing, so that she can ask for poetry among the people. The township moved to the city, the city moved to the country, and the country was the emperor. "
2. Poetry: Folk songs are collected by musicians from all over the world. Musicians are officials and experts in charge of music. They compose poems as their profession and collect folk songs to enrich lyrics and tunes. The pleasure of princes is dedicated to the emperor, and these folk songs are gathered in the court. In the Zhou Dynasty, officials gave each other poems and songs to praise beauty or irony. The poems presented by officials are both created by themselves and collected.
(1) "Zhou Yu in Mandarin": "Therefore, the emperor listened to politics, and made officials offer poems, songs, history books, teachers' words, poems, and recite them ..." ("Shao Gong admonished Li Wang for slander")
(2) Today: "The column is dedicated to poetry."
(3) "Biography of Shi Mao Volume I": "Wang Ling's ministers wrote poems."
3. Delete the poem and say: Sima Qian's Historical Records Confucius Family: "Speaking of Confucius, 3,000 poems written by the ancients can be applied to propriety and righteousness ... 305 poems were all sung by Confucius in order to combine martial arts with elegant sounds." Wang Chong's "On the Balance of Truth" in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "There were thousands of books of songs in the old days, but Confucius deleted them, but there were 350 volumes". The theory of deleting poems has a great influence, and some people still insist on it, but most scholars think it is not true: in the twenty-ninth year of Xianggong (544 BC), the son of Wu went to Lu to watch music and played the fifteen-country style, with the same name order as the current edition of The Book of Songs. Confucius was only eight years old at that time. Historical records record that Confucius deleted poems after "returning to Shandong to defend himself", but Confucius mentioned Poems and 300 Poems more than once in The Analects of Confucius. During the Spring and Autumn Period, governors often presented poems to express their ambitions, most of which were the Book of Songs. The wind of expressing one's will with poetry existed long before Confucius. Confucius once called "Zheng Sheng's fornication" and "Zheng Sheng's rebellion is evil and elegant". Advocate "release Zheng Sheng". However, there are still many Zheng Weimin's songs in The Book of Songs. It can be seen that it is not credible to say that the Book of Songs was edited by him. Confucius may have done the work of "being happy" to the poem, and may even have some processing and sorting out the content and words of the poem.
4, comprehensive said:
(1) According to the specific works of the Records of the Fifteen Kingdoms and the poetry collection system in the Han Dynasty, there may be a poetry collection system in the Zhou Dynasty.
(2) According to the specific works of Ya and Song Dynasties, there may be a system of offering poems in Zhou Dynasty.
Classification of verb (abbreviation of verb) The Book of Songs
The poems in The Book of Songs are all songs that once enjoyed music. According to the different nature of music, it can be divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode.
"Wind" is a musical tune, which is relative to Wang Ji, a region directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. It is music with local colors. The ancients called it "Shaanxi Opera", "Feng Wei" and "Zheng Opera", just like we said Shaanxi Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Henan Opera. The national wind is music from all over the world. "Wind" refers to the "fifteen-country wind", including, Zhao (shào) south, Iraq (bèi) wind, (yūng,), Zheng Feng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Guangxi (kuài * * * in total 160,
"Ya" means "Zheng", which is the same as "Xia". The area around Zhouwangji was originally the hometown of Xia people, and Zhou people also called themselves Xia people. Wang Ji is the political and cultural center, and his words are called "correct pronunciation" or "elegant speech", that is, standard pronunciation. The songs enjoyed by the court and nobles are correct sounds and music, while elegance is "correct music" relative to "local music" in various places, and its name is the embodiment of the concept of respecting the king. There are *** 105 poems of elegant poetry, which are divided into two kinds: elegant and elegant. Most of them are music songs enjoyed by the court, and most of them are works of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Ode is the dance music of the ancestral temple. Ode is divided into 3 1 poems by Zhou Song, 4 poems by truffles and 5 poems by Shang Dynasty, which are music songs for the imperial court and ancestral temples. ***40 articles. Poems are short, slow in intonation, irregular in rhythm, without chapters and sentences, expressing the devout worship of ancestors and reflecting the supremacy of theocracy and kingship in slave society. Fu was the most respected at that time, but from the literary point of view, its value was far less elegant.
Sixth, the production era.
The exact age has been difficult to verify one by one. It can be roughly determined that it is a work from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (BC 1 1 to the 6th century BC) for about 500 years. Song of Zhou is the earliest, mainly written in the early Zhou Dynasty, while Lu Ge is a memorial to the Lushi ancestral temple in the Spring and Autumn Period, while Song of Shang Dynasty is not a poem of Shang Dynasty, but a musical song of the Song Temple of descendants of Yin and Shang Dynasties in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Seven, the region.
The Book of Songs has distinct regional characteristics. Song of Zhou originated in Hao, the capital city, and Er Ya was the joy of Ji Wang (Hao Jing in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and its surrounding areas). As for the "fifteen-country wind", its name mostly indicates its place of origin; However, it is still difficult to accurately refer to "Ganfeng" and "Ernan" (Nan Zhou and Zhao Nan). In a word, The Book of Songs was produced in a wide area, equivalent to Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Hubei. That is, the vast areas of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, the Hanshui River and the Weishui River basins generally take the Yellow River basin as the center and extend southward to Jianghan Basin and most of China at that time.