Zhengshi was the title of Cao Fang (240-249), the king of Qi, but it is customary to say that Zhengshi literature includes literature from Zhengshi to the founding of the Western Jin Dynasty. The general characteristics of literature in this period are:
On the whole, the spirit of advocating, struggling and enterprising in Jian 'an literature has basically disappeared, while philosophical thinking about life and strong life anxiety have become the main theme of the works. In art, Zhengshi writers no longer follow the example of Jian 'an poets to expose current events by imitating Yuefu narrative style, but combine attacking current events with expressing anger, further strengthening the lyricism of five-character poems and further humanizing the poems in art. This way of expressing feelings, feelings and ideals in the form of group poems has had a far-reaching impact on later poems. Since then, scholars often combine five-character ancient poems endowed with metaphors to reflect the writer's feelings about social life.
There are many reasons for the change of literary fashion from Jian 'an wind to the voice of truth, but the biggest influence is the change of political situation and the influence of metaphysical thoughts.
In 239 AD (the third year of the Ming Emperor), Ming Di died, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang to ascend to the throne. However, around the power struggle, the contradiction between Cao Shuang and Sima Yi became more and more serious, and a fierce struggle was quickly launched. This power struggle almost ran through this period. When the brutal political struggle is still unknown, poets in this political background are deeply depressed. Ten years ago (249), Sima Yi took advantage of Cao Shuang's sacrifice of Gao Ping Ling to launch a coup, took control of Luoyang and killed Cao Shuang. Before, because many celebrities were attached to Cao Wei, how were the adherents of Yan, Deng Kui and Ding Mi killed after Cao Shuang was killed? Most celebrities in the world go? . After Sima Yi's death, his son, Sima Shi, came to power, and successively killed celebrities such as, Wu and Zhuge Dan. This series of killings caused a high-pressure situation in politics, and scholars generally felt a sense of political disillusionment and crisis. Therefore, when writing poems, they have to be careful. They dare not openly discuss current affairs in their works, but express their worries and resentments in a tortuous and obscure way, which is naturally in sharp contrast with the impassioned and optimistic literature in Jian 'an period.
In addition to the political influence of the current situation, the prevailing metaphysical trend of thought in this period also had a profound impact on the change of literary style. Metaphysics, as a social trend of thought, can be traced back to the end of the Han Dynasty at the earliest, but talking about metaphysics became a social atmosphere, which appeared in the Zhengshi period. At the beginning of Zhengshi, around Yanhe and Deng Kui, a group of scholars who talked about metaphysics gathered around Luoyang, that is, Zhengshi celebrities. After the middle period of Zheng Shi, it formed? Seven sages of bamboo forest? Re-discussion on. Metaphysical school represented by. Metaphysics takes Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought as the core in content. However, Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts often show contempt for secular society and traditional Confucian ethics. Therefore, influenced by them, the mentality of literati in this period has undergone profound changes. In their life orientation, they have more extraordinary life interest and the pursuit of freedom, leisure and ignorance. Metaphysics not only affects the attitude of literati towards life, but also naturally affects their literary creation. Talking about the metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi makes their poems clearly show the pursuit of simple, lofty and natural poetic realm, which is obviously related to this. On the other hand, talk about metaphysics? School internship name management? Being familiar with the thinking of abstract theory will inevitably affect the philosophical composition of poetry. At the same time, Zhengshi poems strengthened lyricism, and most of them added some rational colors. It is this truth, as Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long. At the beginning of Ming Dow, there is a fairy's heart in the poem. ?
The formation of Zhengshi's literary style, political factors and the influence of metaphysics can be said to be intertwined. The interaction between them contributed to the formation of the literary characteristics of Zhengshi.