This is the focus of poetry review, emphasizing again the essentials of answering questions: content (what to write), method (how to write, that is, expression skills) and effect (how). (Note: The order of these three items can be reversed as needed, but there can be no gaps in the answer. )
(1) Performance: narration, description, discussion and lyricism.
1. Narration: Describe the experience of the characters or the process of the occurrence, development and change of things. For example, "it snows at night in the building, and the iron horse is clear in the autumn wind." (Lu You's Book of Wrath uses narrative methods to write an unforgettable memory of his going to the front line against gold. )
2. Description: Describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language. For example, Du Fu's "Song of the City" "Jiang Yue is only a few feet away, and the night light shines. The heron in the sand head said nothing, and the fish jumped to the stern and screamed. " The poem begins with the moonlight in the water, vividly describing the egret bending over and staying quietly on the beach in the moonlight. The big fish at the stern jumped out of the water and made a stinging sound, which constituted the quiet beauty of the moonlit night on the river.
3. Comments: opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things. For example, Yuan Zhen's chrysanthemum: "It's not that chrysanthemum is favored among flowers, but that this flower has no flowers." The last two sentences of the poem point out the reasons for loving chrysanthemums and praise the loyal character of chrysanthemums after weathering and withering.
4. Lyricism: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric, and the specific lyric techniques are as follows:
1 Express your feelings by scenery or things. When the author has a feeling about a scene or an objective thing, he entrusts his feelings and thoughts to the scene to express them, and expresses them through the description of the scene and the object. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery or borrowing things to express feelings. In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, plums, chrysanthemums, willows, rocks, streams, deserts, ancient roads, borders, sunsets, jathyapple, breezes, drizzles, meadows, etc. are all the objects that poets often use to express their feelings. For example, Bai Juyi's "rambling grass" comes and goes with the seasons. Wildfire never devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze. "With the tenacious struggle of" original grass ",the author gave an irresistible sigh to the laws of nature.
(2) Emotion and scene blend in the scene (or thing). This way is to combine feelings in a specific natural scenery or life scene and express feelings by comparing the descriptions of natural scenery or scenes. It is an indirect and implicit lyric way. For example, Du Fu's "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes." Sneaking into the night with the wind, moistening things silently ",writing scenery contains a sense of" happiness "for the spring rain; Falling flowers like tears, lonely birds crying sadly "expresses the poet's worries about the country and his thoughts about his family." Another example is Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branches in Spring" and Zhang Xian's "Clouds Break the Moon and Flowers Shadow". , are examples of scene fusion. The above two lyric ways are indirect lyric.
3 direct lyric. Also known as expressing one's feelings directly, it is a lyric way for the author to express his love and hate attitude towards related people and things directly without attaching any "attachments". For example, the ending of "The Hut is Blown by the Autumn Wind": "Alas, suddenly seeing this house in front of me is enough to freeze to death alone", which directly expresses the poet's willingness to sacrifice his noble sentiment for the happiness of poor intellectuals in the world. Another example is Chen Ziang's You Zhou Tower: "Before me, where was the past era?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " In a generous and sad style, the whole poem directly expresses the poet's grief and frustration by visiting Youzhou Taiwan.
(4) Hold things to express their wishes. Expressing ambition is to express one's ambition and will through the description and narration of the object. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol. For example, Li Shangyin's "Cicada": "I am hungry because I am pure, and I sing for nothing all night. Oh, this last broken breath, in the green indifferent trees! . Yes, I am like a driftwood. I have made my garden full of weeds. I thank you for your advice and let you live a pure life like you. " This poem uses cicadas to describe one's nobility. The first four sentences are excited by the smell of cicadas, focusing on chanting cicadas; Writing about cicada meals is elegant and elegant, but it is difficult to eat when you are hoarse. The last four sentences directly express their feelings. My hometown is barren, why not go home? Therefore, the smell of cicadas is a warning to themselves, and they are in the same boat.
⑤ Support things and reasoning. Generally, it is a philosophical poem, such as Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading (I): "Open a square pond of half an acre, and the sky is high and the clouds are light. The canal is so clear, because there is a source of living water. "
⑥ Express your feelings with allusions. That is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow? There are five successful allusions in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Beaver and Qianpo. These allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, and the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings implicitly and naturally with the help of these historical facts.
⑦ Narrative lyric. For example, Du Fu's "The Hut Was Blown by Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip".
⑧ Use the past to satirize the present. For example, Rong Hong's "Ode to History": "The history of the Han family is close to the humble. Society depends on the Lord, and safety depends on women. How can you act like a jade? It will be quiet. Underground Millennium bone, who is the assistant minister. " This is a political satire poem that satirizes the present by borrowing the past. After the rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the government was in chaos, the national strength was weakened, the vassal regime was divided, and the border problem was very serious, and the court blindly made peace, which made the people of all ethnic groups in the border suffer greatly. Therefore, the poet carried out a humiliating pro-government policy towards the imperial court, thinking that this was a national humiliation and saddened him. This allegorical poem is filled with indignation, painful, straightforward and hit the nail on the head.
(2) Expression techniques: allusion, association, imagination, setting off or contrast, rendering, symbol, contrast, contrast, cadence, care, action, positive, direct expression of mind, lyricism by borrowing scenery, integration of feelings and scenery, and lyricism by holding things.
1. Allusions: (1) There are two kinds of allusions: using useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. For example, Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le? Gu Beiting, Jingkou, reminisced about the past: "Today, I remember that Brother Jin was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger. "This word is practical except reviewing the author's experience of going south 43 years ago." I think in those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, devouring Wan Li. "It's about the heroism of Emperor Wu of Song in the Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains. (2) The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words. For example, Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow: "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat will be green." Du Mu's poem quoted in "Spring Breeze Shili" shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
2. Correlation: linking one thing with another related thing, or linking similar features in things to form a model. For example, He Zhangzhi's "Singing Willow": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
3. Imagination: On the basis of existing materials and ideas, people create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting Lake": "The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no wind mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " This poem chooses the perspective of moonlit night, and through imaginative description, the lakes and mountains of Dongting are skillfully reproduced on paper.
4. contrast or contrast: refers to the use of eternal nails to make the characteristics of nails more prominent. There are positive contrast and negative contrast. For example, Su Shi's Nian Nu Jiao? Red Cliff Nostalgia: "The river of no return is a romantic figure through the ages. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. " The character to be portrayed in this poem is Zhou Yu, but it starts with "a romantic figure through the ages", which leads to "how many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu, highlighting Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind.
5. Rendering: Describe the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect. For example, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return." What I saw and heard in the first pitch, six close-ups appeared one after another, rendering the characteristics of the scenery of Qiujiang River.
6. Symbol: Concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics are expressed through concrete images that are easy to associate. For example, Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff City": "Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county." These two sentences describe that the green hills are surrounded by mountains, and the counties and cities where they are located are tightly blocked and the barriers are strict. It symbolizes the persecution of his political opponents and expresses his sadness that he can't go home.
7. Contrast: Compare two different things or situations and compare them with each other. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the coldness and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's profound historical thinking.
8. Restraint: Speak out the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only highlight one of them, so as to achieve the purpose of restraining one, promoting the other or restraining the other. There is a difference between promoting first, then restraining and then promoting. For example, Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart": "Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry. They put on makeup in spring and go up to Cuilou. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " In this poem, the young woman's "ignorance" is written first, and then her "regret" is said. Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly expresses the sentimental feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
9. Concern: refers to the necessary answer to what is written in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous. For example, Wei's "Night Rain Farewell to Li Zhou": "Is it raining all the way to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. Your wet sails are dragging and you don't want to go, and the birds in the shadow are flying slowly. " In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
10. The dynamic and static descriptions of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest. For example, Du Fu's "Man Cheng Yi": "The sand heron is silent, and the fish at the stern is whistling." The fourth sentence "dynamic" of fish jumping sets off the "static" of the first three sentences.
1 1. positive: the direct description of the description object is a positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent. For example, Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci says, "A tree is tender than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " Wang Changling's "Joining the Army": "Dust in the desert, the red flag half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description. The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side situation. On the one hand, it is very windy to write, which is convenient to roll up the red flag and March in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tension of war.
12. Express your feelings directly: express your feelings on the spot and express the poet's philosophical thinking about natural scenery. For example, Wang Zhihuan's "In the Lodge of the Heron": "The mountains cover the day, and the ocean drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " The first two sentences describe the scenery, while the last two sentences directly express the feelings, natural situations, vast weather and the poet's philosophical thinking in front of this scene.
13. Expressing feelings through scenery: The poet's thoughts and feelings are not positive, and he is completely in the natural scenery in front of him, expressing his feelings through natural scenery. For example, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "The lonely sail is far away from the sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky." The figure of the old friend is getting farther and farther, and finally disappears completely. It's like thinking about friends constantly.
14. Express one's will by supporting things: on the basis of trying to describe things, integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind. For example, Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci: "A tree with a thousand branches is tender than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " Express your ambition by holding things, and write that Liu is left alone in the wilderness, expressing the feeling that talents are buried.
(3) Rhetorical devices: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, analogy, parallelism, questioning, arousing, and combination of reality and reality.