Annotating ancient books requires a lot of knowledge.
(A) the need to make full use of phonetics, vocabulary, writing, grammar, rhetoric and other language knowledge. Thought is expressed through language, so now we can only understand their thoughts through the written language of the ancients.
To accurately understand the written language of the ancients, we must comprehensively use various linguistic knowledge. (2) Know some common sense of ancient culture.
Ancient culture has a lot of common sense. The first volume of the second volume of Ancient Chinese, edited by Mr. Wang Li, briefly introduces fourteen contents about astronomy, calendar, music, geography, official position, imperial examination, names of people, customs, patriarchal clan system, court, horses and chariots, diet, clothing and things for reference.
For example, I read Chastity Photo in Meng Xi (Li Sao) and Thought I was born straight (worthy), I am a mouse, and my son is a god, because I love mice (Three Commandments? "Yong's Mouse"), "Is there a cloth Bi Sheng in the celebration? "(Movable Type Book) involves three ancient chronology methods: the astrological chronology method, the ecliptic chronology method and the emperor chronology method. In addition, reading "Reaching the Han Yin" in "Moving Mountains in Gong Yu" and "Climbing Mount Tai" involves the common practice of ancient geographical naming: the south of the mountain is the Yang, and the north of the mountain is the Yin; The water in the north is yang, and the water in the south is yin.
(3) Master some relevant professional knowledge. Some people think that specialized work should be done by experts in various fields.
In natural science, ancient books of astronomy, mathematics, biology and medicine should be annotated by natural science experts; In social science, ancient books of literature, history and philosophy should be annotated by experts. This proposition is reasonable.
For example, "ruler" and "inch" are two very common words. However, they have special meanings in medical books.
When cutting the pulse, take the high bone behind the palm as the "off" and arrange the three fingers closely. The "Guan" pulse is called "inch" before and "ruler" after. When acupuncture, the number of "inches" of needles is not the same, but the same size, that is, the length of the second joint of the patient's middle finger.
If you don't know some professional knowledge, some seemingly ordinary words may be misspelled. Beginners must be guided when they come into contact with ancient books of specialized disciplines.
(4) know what's going on in the world and know people. This is very important.
Only by grasping the background of the times and the author's life can we know the world and discuss things and people. This is true for evaluating a work, and so is the annotation dredging, but the latter is not as significant as the former.
For example, Han Yu's "Teacher's Theory" clearly States at the beginning: "Ancient scholars must have teachers. The teacher preaches, teaches and dispels doubts. "
How to understand "ancient"? Why should we start with "ancient"? Who is the "scholar"? What does "Tao" mean? Both of them involve the background of the times and the author's ideological tendency at that time. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Buddhism and Taoism had a great influence, which was not conducive to the political unity and economic development of the Tang Dynasty.
Han Yu rejected Buddhism and advocated Confucianism, which met the needs of consolidating the rule of the Tang Dynasty at that time. The "Tao" he said is the Tao centered on "benevolence" and "righteousness" by Confucianism and Mencius, not the general truth, let alone the "Tao" of other philosophical schools; He advocated respecting teachers and valuing morality in order to cultivate a group of intellectuals who can defend morality. This is the meaning of "scholar".
The word "ancient" in this paper does not refer to "ancient times" in general, let alone "since ancient times", but to the times before Mencius. Because Han Yu made it very clear in the original passage: "I don't know how to die."
In other words, by the time the Tao reached Mencius, there was no master to inherit. However, Han Yu's Shi Shuo clearly advocates that "there is a Tao and a teacher has it", so the word "ancient" refers to the era before Monk.
Han Yu's philosophy, literature and education are all under the banner of "retro", so this paper starts with the word "ancient". In short, it is difficult to be accurate and profound even if you don't understand the background of the times and the author's life and thoughts.
It is not easy to dig up ancient books. Dai Zhen, a famous linguist in Qing Dynasty, said: "It is difficult to learn from the past and learn from the present, and judge it."
This is a profound understanding. Without profound knowledge, independent opinions and in-depth and meticulous research, it is impossible to do this work well.
Therefore, Lu Xun angrily accused some semi-literate scholars at that time of making punctuation notes on ancient books in order to seek fame and fortune, calling it "a great misfortune beyond the water, fire, soldiers and insects of ancient books" and saying that "if people punctuate ancient books today, ancient books will die" (see "Dan Jieting essays? Talk after illness "). Today, we must do a good job in annotating and dredging ancient books with a serious attitude.
However, there must be no fear of difficulties and mysterious thoughts. Under the guidance of modern linguistic theory, we can greatly surpass our predecessors as long as we work hard and seriously.
Translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese is a meaningful work. It is necessary to translate ancient documents into vernacular Chinese in a planned and step-by-step manner and introduce them to the masses, which is to improve national self-confidence and develop national new culture.
In teaching, the translation of classical Chinese is a comprehensive exercise connecting the preceding with the following, which not only comprehensively applies the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improves students' reading ability of classical Chinese. It is also the writing training of vernacular Chinese, which can improve students' written expression ability. Yan Fu, a translator in the late Qing Dynasty, summed up his own experience and put forward the translation principles of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" after translating such western masterpieces as Evolution, Fu Yuan and Ming Xue.
These three principles are still recognized by most people today. The so-called "faithfulness" means loyalty to the original content, the so-called "expressiveness" means fluency and clarity, and the so-called "elegance" means that the language should be standardized.
We can generally follow this principle when translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese. Of course, Yan Fu's "elegance" is to translate foreign languages in standard classical Chinese (such as pre-Qin philosophers), and our "elegance" is based on today's Mandarin.
Translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese is an internal translation of a national language. This is different from translating a foreign language and has its own characteristics.
Because vernacular Chinese is the inheritance and development of classical Chinese, there are many similarities and differences between them. Therefore, we should try our best to explore the relationship between them and better communicate ancient and modern times. For example, ancient monosyllabic words have developed into modern disyllabic words.
2. Common sense of ancient literature
1. Foundation of Jian 'an Literature: 1. The pioneer of the new situation of Jian 'an literature is Cao Cao, an outstanding politician, strategist and poet.
His representative works of poetry creation include Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, and A Journey to the Bitter Han, which describe the war and people's sufferings at the end of the Han Dynasty. "Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles" is a famous sentence of Hao. The short song "The mountain is not too high, the sea is not too deep, the Duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world belongs to his heart" shows his ambition to unify the world and the spirit of being proactive, showing his broad mind; "A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected, a brilliant star and a brilliant person, if unexpected" in Watching the Sea describes the magnificent atmosphere of the sea.
"My heart is full of lofty sentiments" in "A Short Song" shows the author's yearning for talents, and "An old man riding a horse, aiming at a thousand miles, a martyr in his twilight years, courageously marching forward" in "Waiting for Hou" shows Cao Cao's positive and enterprising spirit. 2. Cao Cao is a pioneer in creating a new situation in literature. He pioneered the use of Yuefu old poems to write current affairs.
Besides his five-character poems, there are many excellent four-character poems. He studied Han Yuefu, but he has his own style. 3. The earliest extant complete seven-character poem of literati is Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi; His Dian Lun is the earliest extant literary monograph. He advocated literature and promoted the prosperity of Jian 'an literature.
4. Cao Zhi's life and creation can be divided into two periods, which are bounded by Cao Pi's proclaimed emperor in 220 AD. 5. The representative works of Cao Zhi's poetry creation are "White Horse", which describes the superb martial arts and patriotic spirit of a ranger teenager. Among them, "The patriotism of a teenager cannot be concentrated in the name of a strong man; Give Xu gan "to encourage friends to make contributions;" "Seven Sorrow" pinned her depression and pain on the thinking woman; Noda's trip to an oriole tells the story of a teenager who cut a net and saved an oriole. " "Yin on Mount Tai" describes the poor life beauty of the seaside people, and so on, which entrusts the distress of her talented but young unmarried beauty. Zhong Rong called his poems "high-spirited, and the words were taken from Huamao".
6. The important writers in the Jian 'an period were "Three Cao", "Seven Zi" and the poetess Cai Yan. "Three Caos" refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi; The name of "Seven Scholars" can be found in Cao Pi's Classical Essays, which refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu, with RoyceWong as the highest achievement.
7. The representative work reflecting social unrest and people's sufferings in the creation of "Seven Poems" is RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, one of which "Going Out Without Seeing, Bones Cover the Plain" shows the sufferings brought to the people by the war. Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Yu's Driving Out of the North Gate, etc. Liu Zhen's three masterpieces expressing his personal ambitions and experiences are To My Brother.
8. The extant Cai Yan includes Five-character Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia, etc. The most credible is Cai Yan's grief and indignation poem.
Second, the literary foundation of Zhengshi Western Jin Dynasty 1. Zhengshi literature generally refers to the literature in the late Wei Dynasty, and the representative writers in this period are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. 2. The representative of Ji Kang's prose is "Breaking Up with the Mountain Residence", and the representative of his poetry is "Giving a Scholar to Join the Army". Ruan Ji's main poetry creation is 82 love poems, and the most famous prose is Biography of Mr. Adult.
3. Ruan Ji's Yong Huai Lu has made great achievements in using Wang Yan's poems to express emotion and irony. Among them, "Sleepless at night, Sitting up and Playing the Piano" shows my loneliness and anguish, which opens up a way for progressive writers under the rule of darkness to write political lyrics. "Words in the eyes and ears, feelings in the table of eight shortages" in Shi Pin summarizes Ruan Ji's poetic style. Tao Yuanming's Drinking, Yu Xin's Quasi-Yong Huai.
4. Zhang Hua, Zhang Xie, Lu Ji, Pan Ni, Pan Yue and Zuo Si were the directors of "Three Zhang, Two Lu, Two Pan and One Zuo" before and after Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, and they were famous poets in Taikang period. 5. Taikang's literary creation has two bad tendencies: one is to imitate the prosperity of the ancients; The second is to pursue flowery words and double neatness.
Liu Xie said that "taking the initiative and stopping is softer than Jian 'an" refers to Taikang literature. 6. Lu Ji was the most famous writer in the Taikang era, as well as Pan Yue, Zhang Hua and Zhang Xie.
7. Lu Ji's representative works include "Ancient Poems 12", which imitates ancient poems 19, and "Going to Luodao to do things", which describes his traveling life; Pan Yue's masterpiece is three mourning poems. 8. Zuo Si was the most accomplished poet in the Western Jin Dynasty, and his poems directly inherited the reputation of "Zuo Si Feng Zhi".
9. Zuo Si's representative works include eight epic poems, which use allusions and techniques such as comparison. For example, "the world stands tall and he sinks" is the contrast, while "pine and cypress at the bottom of the sword" and "seedlings on the mountain" are metaphors for poor intellectuals and aristocratic children, and are also used to reflect the contradiction between poor intellectuals and aristocratic children. In addition, Zhao Yin, Nv Jiao Poems and Sandu Fu are all his representative works.
10, Liu Kun's masterpiece is "Fufeng Song", he is a poet who loves his country and his hometown. Guo Pu, whose masterpiece is Fourteen Poems by Zhou Xian, is a metaphysical poet. In Preface to Poetry, the criticism of metaphysical poetry is that he "rationalizes his words and indifferent to his taste".
Third, the background of Tao Yuanming: 1, Tao Yuanming, also known as Qian, was born in Chaisang, Xunyang, and was a "respected scholar" in posthumous title. Later people called him Tao Pengze because he worked for Peng. After he resigned from Peng, he lived a farming life of "burying the waste in the morning and returning to the lotus on the moon". 2. Tao Yuanming's poems can be divided into two categories: pastoral poems and poems about the past and the future.
His famous prose poems include Biography of Mr. May 6th, Return and the Afterlife, Poems of Scholars' Feelings, Poems of Misfortune and so on. 3. According to its content, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be divided into three aspects: one part shows the tranquility of the countryside and his carefree mood, and the representative works are Returning to the Pastoral Poet (No Custom Rhyme) and Drinking (Building a house is in a humanistic environment); The other part sings enthusiastically about agricultural labor and the friendship established with farmers in labor, such as Returning to the Countryside (planting beans at the foot of Nanshan Mountain) and Early Rice in the West Field in September of Gengxu New Year (a right path in life). There is also a small part that reflects the poverty in rural areas and their own poor life, such as the fourth "Returning to the Pastoral Poetry" (Traveling in Yamazawa), as well as the resentment in the poem and Chu's description of Pang Zhizhong.
Peach Blossom Garden, written in his later years, is a new development of his pastoral poems. 4. Tao Yuanming's inheritance of chanting poems.
3. How to treat ancient notes
Annotation of ancient books
(1), annotation history of ancient books.
(2) The style and language of ancient book annotations.
(3) Attitude towards ancient annotations.
2. Principles of punctuation in ancient books: (1), words must be clear, (2), content must be reasonable, and (3), it must conform to the grammar and phonology of ancient Chinese.
3. Modern translation requirements of ancient books: (1), accurate understanding of the original text, and translation in standard modern Chinese; (2) In order to be faithful to the original, we should try our best to translate; (3) If there is anything that cannot be translated, it should be properly handled; (4) On the basis of accurately expressing the original intention, strive to maintain the language style of the original text.
4. What are the annotation terms commonly used in China's ancient annotations?
Terminology in Annotations of Ancient Books (1) Interpretation terms: 1, Yue, Wei and Zhi. These three jade articles are used for interpretation, and also to distinguish the subtle differences between synonyms and synonyms. Explanatory words are generally placed after "Yue", "Wei" and "Zhi". In the annotation, "Wei" and "Zhi" are different. These two terms are generally used after verbs or adjectives to indicate a certain modality, while most of the explained words are adjectives indicating a certain nature or state, which is equivalent to "the meanings of the explained words and the annotated words are similar." You "is roughly equivalent to" equal to say "in modern Chinese. (2) Phonetic training item 1. In other words, when using these two terms, they are usually explained by words with the same sound and meaning, and the interpreted words have the same sound and meaning, which is called "phonological training". (3) The phonetic notation term 1, pronounced, pronounced, is used to indicate the pronunciation of phonetic symbols. Generally, this word is used to represent loanwords.
5. The characteristics of injection in ancient notes
China ancient Confucian classics can be divided into Jing and Zhuan. "Jing" refers to the original text of ancient books, and "Biography" is written by later generations, also called "Biography", which is an explanation of ancient books. Zhuanzhe refers to the style of annotating ancient books. It is generally published together with the original text of ancient books and attached to the corresponding original text.
Second, the type of injection
From different perspectives, labeled bodies can be divided into different categories, and from the perspective of labeled objects, they can be divided into labeled and sparse categories. According to the author, it can be divided into two categories: self-annotation and other annotation; From the content division, it can be divided into two categories: explanation and narrative; According to the relationship between annotation contents, it can be divided into three categories: original annotation, supplementary annotation and centralized annotation. Textbooks are divided into self-annotation and other annotation according to the author.
Self-annotation is the annotation added by the author to his own work. Others add annotations to the annotations, which are called "annotations" or "annotations in annotations".
His notes were written by someone other than the original author. There are one person's notes, one person's notes, one person's notes and so on. The style of one's notes is the simplest. A person's notes collect many theories and usually point out the source of information. A person's note-taking style is the most complicated, and a person's note content generally includes multiple levels.
6. Common sense of ancient literature
1. Cultural knowledge 1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu. 3. Four classic works: A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West.
4. Four folklores: The Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and White Snake. 5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O'Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang. 7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is regarded as the originator of Qiu Si.
After ten years' study, Cao Xueqin created Dream of Red Mansions, the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels. After its publication, it was widely circulated, loved by people, and some people studied A Dream of Red Mansions, which has now become an important topic in the study of world literature. 9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is known as a marshal poet. Cang Kejia is regarded as a clay poet, because most of his poems are about rural areas. In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the drummer of the times.
10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum. 1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.
12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings. 13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji. 15, The Book of Songs has six meanings: style, elegance, ode (classification), fu, comparison and xing (expression).
16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels. 17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.
18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. 19, the four books and five classics are the main classics of Confucianism: the four books are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean, and The University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.
20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun. 2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty. 23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
24. The eight methods of permanent characters mean that permanent characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift. 25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
26. Three religions and nine streams: three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Jiuliu: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Mohism, Militarism and Miscellaneous Farmhouse. 27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties): ① childbirth examination, also known as childbirth examination, is called childbirth examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called childbirth. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong) in order to take the imperial examination.
(2) After the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examinations were held in the provincial capitals every three years, and the scholars took part. The person who passed the exam is called Jie, and the first person who passed the exam is called Jie. (3) Examination: The Ming and Qing Dynasties held an examination every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Guo Jian students could take the examination, and 300 students were admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one was named as a member.
(4) the palace examination, is the highest level of the imperial examination system, the emperor in the palace, to try to admit Gong Shi, ask yourself, in order to make a first-class merit. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively awarded the titles of Jinshi and Ji, the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place and the third place, collectively called the third-class tripod; A number of dimethyl, given the title of Jinshi origin; A number of the top three, given the title of Jinshi origin.
Second, the most 1 and the earliest collection of poems in China literature is The Book of Songs; 2. The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan; 3. The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; 4. The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; 5. The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty; 6. The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty; 7. The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty; 8. The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty; 9. The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty; 10, the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty; 1 1. The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty. 12, the most famous historical novel in ancient times is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the early Ming Dynasty; 13. The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. 14. The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty. 15. The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty. 16, the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty; 17, the earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius; 18, the earliest recorded history book in ancient times is Zuo Zhuan; 19, the earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records; 20. The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in the Tang Dynasty; 2 1, the greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun; 22. The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun; 23. The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream. 3. Commonly used metonymic words 1, Mulberry: hometown 2, Taoli: student 3, country, Xuanyuan: country 4, Nanguan: prisoner 5, classmate 6, bonfire: war 7, woman 8, bamboo: music 9, man 10. History: Chronicle 13, husband and wife 14, Ding Bai, Buyi people 15, yellow hair: old man 16, mulberry mother: farming 17, support, overlooking: children/kloc.
2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as Liu Han, were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. 3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as Su Xin; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess). 5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu.
Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu. 6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and created the romance of China's poetry.