Sun Gangshan is from Beiquangou Village, Yushe. At the age of 20, he worked as a teacher in Yushe No.1 Middle School, and later served as the principal and vice principal of Yushe No.2 Middle School. 1983 transferred to the director of the teaching and research section of Zhengzhou Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Henan Province. Old Mr. Sun Gangshan is studious, versatile in arts and sciences since childhood, influenced and edified by social fire, overlord whip and earthen altar yangko, and loves literature and art. When he was studying in Zuo Quan, he went back to his old home to tutor Zuo Quan Xiaohua Opera. During his teaching, he personally starred in more than ten programs, such as Qu Yuan, Before the arrival of the new director, Opera on March 3rd, White-haired Girl, and organized and guided students to rehearse dozens of programs, such as Three Sentences and a Half, Drama, Opera, Shanxi Opera and Peking Opera Model Opera, which were well received by the masses in the county auditorium and publicity in the countryside. By organizing cultural and sports activities, students' cultural and sports talents are fully cultivated, their learning enthusiasm is mobilized, and the cohesion of the team is enhanced.
Mr. Sun Gangshan used to take part in guiding the Yangko Team in Beiquangou Village and rehearsing large-scale song and dance performances such as renting houses. He also writes school songs, lyrics and music for his school. After his retirement, he took an active part in various social activities, was a major member of Zhengzhou Zijingshan Laolaile Song and Dance Troupe, and performed makeup performances, such as lovers' literacy, brothers and sisters' land reclamation, crossing the river, Hunan ancient painting drama, Li Hai chopping firewood, Huangmei opera and so on. Have fun and stay productive. He is the main leader of the school choir and the vice-president and secretary-general of the Taiji Society of Posts and Telecommunications. His poems can be found in Bird's Poems and Zhengzhou Wushu Dictionary. Now, as long as it is a birthday party, wedding and teacher-student gathering led by Sun Lao, it will be illustrated, talked and explained in Kan Kan, and held in a colorful way.
After more than 30 years, Sun Lao's local accent has not changed, and the dance of the overlord whip is engraved in his mind as well as the lyrics. Every movement of the dance is still so standard, and every word of the lyrics is still so clear as memory. ...
1935, Sun Lao was born in Beiquangou Village. When he was two or three years old, he remembered that his mother sang him overlord whip, yangko opera and earthen altar yangko every day in Yushe. While sewing under the lamp, my mother couldn't help humming these oral yangko, flower play and overlord whip tunes, which shows that overlord whip has been circulating in Yushe Village for a long time.
The fifteenth day of the first month of each year is a day that every adult and child eagerly look forward to, because they can enjoy the thriving rural community fire.
Every autumn, after the farmers' grain is returned to the warehouse, people who have worked hard for a year can finally relax for a winter and stretch their muscles. At this time, the biggest thing in rural areas is to enter the preparation stage of making social fires in an orderly manner. The society is a small group organization composed of rural gods who worship the earth. Generally, there is one cooperative in a small village and three or four cooperatives in a large village. It is an obligation and a right for the club to elect ten families in turn every year to be responsible for the organization and management of the club. These ten families have been busy preparing for the 15th day of the first month to pay homage to the Sanguan shed and offer sacrifices to all the immortals, such as stewed meat, fried meatballs, steamed pasta, fried "honey flower fans" and so on. There are many kinds of tributes needed, and the whole pig, sheep and vegetables should be filled with ten tables. Among them, the biggest task of the club is to prepare "social fire", that is, all kinds of civil and military programs performed to worship the gods in bright lights. Handed down from ancient times, every village has its own Shehuo Square, some of which are called Yangko Square and Boxing Square. Every year, the club is responsible for inviting a master to teach the program of making social fires in the social fire square. Every year, he teaches and rehearses for three months until he goes out to perform in the village on the seventh and eighth day of the first month. Shehuo is a kind of glory and pride of the villagers. Performers are beautiful girls, handsome guys and old artists who love literature and art. Social fire can be divided into cultural fire and martial fire. Cultural fire has dance programs such as earthen altar Yangko, Xiaohua Opera, Yangko Opera and overlord whip. Wushe Fire is a martial arts program, which was also called martial arts at that time. Jade House, commonly known as Wugelan, is divided into Xingyi Boxing, Liuhe Boxing, Meihua Boxing and Xiaohong Boxing.
As soon as the first day of the first month (Chinese New Year) is over, the people in charge of social fire are busy, pasting lanterns, dyeing and hanging them, setting up lanterns, setting up sheds, cutting down pine trees and setting up swings. Make "children's mill" and other fitness amusement equipment with wheels and axles. Send people to each house to collect pig iron such as broken plowshares, and prepare to play iron flowers on the fifteenth night of the first month.
"On the fifteenth day of the first month, the Lantern Festival was noisy, and the whip was pulled to the right to shoot, and new clothes and hats were put on. The sound of gongs and drums is so lively! " The fifteenth day of the first month is very lively. In addition to performing colorful song and dance programs such as boating, lion dancing and walking on stilts, there are also martial arts programs such as solo, duet, sword, halberd and stick, which are brilliant and colorful. The sound of silk and bamboo, the sound of gongs and drums, the sound of shouting and killing, and the sound of clapping resounded through the fields. There are various programs on the lanterns, such as playing iron flowers, swinging, lighting lanterns, baking road fires, solving riddles, etc., which are pleasing to the eye and dizzying.
The old artists in the village who mastered the technique of beating iron flowers began to make furnaces and ironmaking on the afternoon of the fifteenth day of the first month, and boiled pig iron into hot molten iron. During the performance, while the iron glows, put your hand into a special wooden mold, and then smash, slam, blow, blow and sprinkle it. Suddenly, colorful sparks are everywhere, filling the sky of the whole village, just like dazzling stars, more dazzling than the fireworks now.
On the seventh and eighth day of the first month, the social fire began. All the clubs go out to perform their own programs. On the evening of the fifteenth day of the first month, the literary and art teams of various clubs concentrated in the county town, arranged streets and performed fixed-point performances along the major shops on the county street. All the literary and art teams rehearsed their best programs for the audience in the county. The actors worked hard, and the audience was packed three floors outside, and the roads were packed.
Around the fifteenth day of the first month, villages and societies also lit straw, set up coal and lit a fire on the performance venue in front of the shed. The fire is burning more and more brightly, and the flames are jumping, which symbolizes the prosperous life in the coming year, good weather and abundant crops. Men, women and children in the village, while watching Yangko, scrambled to take their own steamed bread offerings, barbecued around a fire, scorched the pasta offerings and ate them while they were hot, symbolizing the elimination of disasters and diseases, commonly known as burning. The whole village is filled with a strong smell of incense.
What Sun Lao remembers vividly is the overlord whip. The overlord whip not only dances beautifully, but also sings attractive words. Sun Lao said that children in rural areas are deeply impressed by the lyrics of various song and dance programs. Often the adults in the Shehuofang can sing before the children watching can sing. These catchy lyrics handed down from the older generation have a great influence on their later poetry writing, composition and lifelong literary accomplishment. As long as you remember it as a child, you will never forget it. Even when you are old, you can remember the scene at that time.
"Zhao Zhouqiao what person? Who will leave the jade railing? Who rode the donkey bridge? Has anyone run over the ditch with a wheelbarrow? Hoo hoo! Come to Luban to repair the jade railing, the ancients left it, and Zhang rode the donkey bridge. Chai Shizong (Lord Chai) pulled a cart across a ditch. Hey! Who planted the spinulosa in the sky? Who opened the underground Yellow River? Who will guard the three levels? What kind of person becomes a monk and never comes back? The prickly queen mother in the sky was planted, the old dragon king of the Yellow River in the underground opened, Yang Liulang kept three passes, and Han Xiangzi became a monk and never came back. " Sun Lao once again picked up the overlord whip and sang and danced emotionally. He danced this overlord whip dance, using the tune of "Little Cowherd". The lyrics and music scores were heard by all the staff of the county cultural center for the first time, so I took good care of them and collected them quickly. While humming, Sun Lao kept humming the music score with his hands, repeating it several times to help the staff of the cultural center record the lyrics and music score. Finally, Sun Lao said, "Little Cowherd" is very popular in the countryside and very old, but I don't know whether it is from the countryside to Beijing Opera or from Beijing Opera to the countryside. It represents the original ecology of Xialiba people in our countryside.
In Sun Lao's memory, banpo village and Zhaodaoyu Village are the most prosperous and best overlord whips in Yushe County. There were four performers, two men and two women, who often dressed as women. The man's right hand holds the overlord whip, the woman's right hand holds the fan, and the left hand holds the colorful Zi Ling. At that time, the overlord whip prop was to open a slot at one end of a thin bamboo pole, drill a small hole at the upper and lower ends of the slot, string copper coins with a thin iron wire, and tie both ends of the iron wire to the upper and lower ends of the bamboo pole slot, so that the strung copper coins were put into the bamboo pole slot. When the bamboo pole was knocked, the copper coins would ring because of the collision, and the bamboo pole kept knocking back and forth, and the copper coins would rattle. During the performance, both men and women put on especially bright children's clothes after makeup and performed back and forth on the venue. Musical instruments are played and sung by people from different places, usually a group of old artists in the village. At that time, the music was mainly played by erhu and flute, and gongs and drums were mainly used to accompany gongs and drums, such as "the east is poor, and the east is poor!" As soon as the gongs and drums ring, the singers improvise, and the performers improvise. For example, "When Chai Shizong's cart runs over a ditch" in "Little Cowherd", they improvise and sing "Push up, roll down, push up, roll down and run over a ditch!"
"Pregnant in the first month, the moon rises. Jiang Haitang lives in a cold kiln, without Ye Er taking root and sprouting ... sour apricots, sour ones, eat twice ... "Sun Lao sang" Huaicai September "again. Although I don't remember all his lyrics, the lyrics he provided are very precious, and they are the original lyrics and music of Yushe's original overlord whip. Sun Lao hummed, patting his thigh with his left hand and whipping his right hand, and then hummed the music score several times to help the staff of the cultural center record the lyrics and music score.
Sun Lao also talked about a sensational overlord whip dance reform in Yushe County. 1959 in the second half of the year, the county cultural center, mainly Yushe Middle School, absorbed several outstanding actors and literary backbones from the countryside and formed a performance team of 27 people in Jinzhong area to prepare for the performance. In addition to solo and performance programs, the overlord whip program mainly reflects the general line, "Great Leap Forward" and three red flags. The leader is Zhang Dingming, director of the cultural center; The teachers who guide the rehearsal are Zhen and Gong Jiuru from Yushe Middle School. The band members include Qin Sucheng, Qiao Bucheng, Bai, Chengguan Bai, and an old artist from Xiachiyu. The soloists are Liu and Liu Yuexian. The overlord whip consists of eight people. The men who beat the overlord whip are Li, Ren Xiue (disguised as women) and Zhang Zuxian (disguised as men), while the women are Li Buxian, Pei and Lu. In the dance performance, it is still men holding whips, women holding fans in one hand and Zi Ling in the other. The dance performed is still the "old eight-point" style handed down by several generations of artists in Yushe, that is, the basic action is to whip the limbs with the tail of the whip. However, there has been a great reform and breakthrough in the number of people and the alternation of the field. In addition, there are soloists Liu and Liu Yuexian singing. In addition to erhu and flute, the band also has sheng, Xiao, Kue and that accompaniment, and the atmosphere is very cheerful and warm. After nearly half a year's rehearsal, she performed in Jinzhong Special Zone on February 22nd 1960, and the Bawang Whip Dance in Yushe County won the first prize of that year's performance program. 196 1 was selected as an excellent program in Jinzhong area and went to the provincial capital to perform. The song "We Ride a Jumping Horse" was rearranged by Teacher Zhen and Teacher Gong Jiuru. Old Sun sang impromptu: "We are riding a prancing horse, holding the overlord whip in our hands ..." Suddenly he stopped because he had forgotten the lyrics behind. The staff of the county cultural center knew about the prize-winning performance, and the cultural center kept the group photo of the actors after the performance, but it was the first time to hear the lyrics, and I thought there were no lyrics. Sun Lao took out his mobile phone on the spot, opened the address book and called Ren Xiue who lives in Yuci to ask about the lyrics. As a result, Ren Xiue did not recall. Two weeks after the interview, Sun Lao asked many people, including Li and Liu Yuexian, and finally found the complete lyrics. Then he immediately ran to the cultural center and said the lyrics of "We Ride on a Jumping Horse": "We ride on a Jumping Horse, holding the overlord whip in our hands, and strive for the upper reaches with all our energy, so we can move forward bravely!"
Sun Lao also talked about the earthen altar yangko in Yushe. In his memory, when performing Yangko in Tutan, Yushe, the actors all wore special clothes, including shirts and make-up, and the roles were clearly divided, namely, raw, Dan, clean and ugly. Every earthen yangko team has a "head man", which the She people call "brain", that is, the head and the leader, who is the commander-in-chief of the team, and some people call it an umbrella. He has a special umbrella in his hand, which is made of paper and is very big. There is a ball in the center of the umbrella handle, and a string of small bells is tied on the wrist. At the beginning of the performance, the first person shook the paper umbrella, rang the bell and the performance began. This leader is familiar with every detail of every yangko, can sing every role, can do every movement, and is proficient in the drum rhythm of every song.
Yushe Tutan Yangko is divided into melodrama and improvisation. Sun Lao not only knows "Playing in a Mawa" compiled by the Cultural Center, but also knows "kowloon cup, the Three Thieves of Yang" often sung by the earthen altar yangko in Beiquangou. I don't know about this Tutan Yangko Cultural Center. This is the first time I've heard of it. Although Sun Lao can't remember the lyrics, he still remembers the plot and some colloquialism: Yang discovered and stole kowloon cup, which was very hidden for three times. When the clown Yang Yi appeared, he was scolded by an actor who shook his head: "People are not people, ghosts are not ghosts, and rabbits are numb. Where did this egg-beater come from! "
Sun Lao performed an impromptu earthen altar yangko live. Yangko enters the village, leaves the village and enters the temple, all guided by gongs and drums, and there are drums across the street. Before and after singing, gongs and cymbals are matched, and the door is knocked back and forth. After getting up, he sang, "On the fifteenth day of the first month, I yangko to meet God, and people worship God and protect others. Happy Taiping Village! " This is a sentence that Yangko will sing every time she goes to the village to attend the God Meeting under the shed. "The fifteenth day of the first month is the Lantern Festival. Every family eats cakes. The rich eat oil biscuits and the poor eat fire! " This reflects the difficulties and aspirations of the poor. Two welcome yangko go together and sing: "Go back to your golden palace, I will go back to my Zijin City!" " "In short, they all sang auspicious words wishing good weather, prosperity and national security. After the 17th and 18th day of the first month, the yangko team in the club will walk the streets and sing some lyrics of congratulations on getting rich, happiness for the whole family and all the best. But sometimes, when the gongs and drums fall and there is no song, they look up and find a nest of wooden lattices living under the eaves, and sing "A nest of wooden lattices living under the eaves (called pigeons in Yushe dialect)" without saying anything. "Beryllium hairpin, Beryllium hairpin, Beryllium hairpin, Beryllium hairpin-Beryllium hairpin" ...
On the 23rd day of the first month, the Yangko team asked the class to have a meal after work, and distributed the tobacco, alcohol, fruit and some tributes in the shed, such as the "honey flower fan", to the actors. A year of social fire is completely over.
At the end of the interview, Sun Lao said seriously that rural cultural life is very important. It can be said that although there are advanced means of inheritance such as television and computers, there can be no primary and primitive literary inheritance. Just as airplanes are the most advanced means of transportation now, it is impossible for people to fly as soon as they go out, and walking is irreplaceable. Intangible cultural heritages such as social fire, overlord whip and earthen altar yangko need to be passed down from generation to generation by artists and must not be discarded!
(Interview with Mr. Sun Gangshan in the Cultural Center on August, 2065438 14)