Western realistic drama, based on poetics, is a process of constant "purification"; Modernist drama is difficult to build on the original model of drama theory. On the contrary, it is a "comprehensive" process of multi-directional radiation. The former is19th century from King Oedipus and Andrew Lomark to A Doll's House and Desire under the Elms. These realistic works are abstracted from pure drama and constitute most of the creative principles in drama works. They summed up the general rules of most drama writing methods, which can be imitated and learned by playwrights in past dynasties. However, there is no universal law that can learn from the latter. From the middle and late19th century, symbolism and expressionism appeared, and then existentialism, absurdity and surrealism emerged, until today's postmodernism and behaviorism. These dramatic creations, under the banner of anti-drama, try to enter the depths of human hearts and even the subconscious. Whether or not they can really achieve anti-drama, there is indeed a great difference between modernist drama and traditional realistic drama in structure, characters and meaning.
The biggest difference between traditional realistic drama and modern drama is the requirement for drama. From ancient times to the present, traditional scriptwriting methods have extremely high requirements for contradictions and conflicts in drama. It can be said that the traditional drama method has been considering the characteristics that distinguish drama from other art forms. Dramatic is an indispensable feature of drama, and characters need to realize their meaning in conflict with external forces or themselves. As Hegel said in Aesthetics, "the greatness and strength of personality can only be measured by the greatness and strength of contradiction; The more conflicts in the environment, the greater the difficulties, the greater the destructive power of contradictions, and the mind can still adhere to its own character, and the protagonist will be deeper and stronger. "
But in modern drama, "drama" is not necessary, or drama is not expressed through action. In the stills of Strindberg, there are almost no movements of characters and no development of plots, but they still have a great influence on people's minds. Many plays of the Absurd School, such as "The Bald Singing Girl" and "The Chair", have almost no unified movements on the field. This kind of drama is difficult to be dramatic if it follows the traditional dramatic method.
Since ancient Greek drama, realism has emphasized the unity and integrity of drama structure, and reached its peak when classical drama demanded complete "three unifications". This will inevitably lead to the rigidity of drama, but at the same time, we can see that realistic drama has high requirements for "pure drama" This is of course an obstacle to the continued progress of drama in its later development. But since it is the crystallization of traditional drama, realistic drama still requires compactness and unity in structure. In the19th century, it will become a "well-made play", with relatively concentrated time, place and characters and unified plot. Until today, most works practiced under the traditional drama method still follow this structural requirement. This structure can make the audience clearly understand the drama story and keep a curiosity for a long time. It can be said that most commercial dramas should take this factor into account more or less. It is true that realistic drama is easy for the audience to understand, but at the same time, due to the limitations of structure, not all problems can be solved with this drama structure. I think this is one of the reasons why19th century saw the rise of postmodernism.
Similarly, in structure, modernist drama is even more unconstrained. In their view, form is content. The structure of the play in the play, the structure of the film, the staggered structure of time and space, and even the stream of consciousness that can not be classified as any kind of structure emerge in endlessly in modern drama methods. Although in Shakespeare's plays, we have seen the structure of the play in the play, but in Pirandello's grotesque plays, this structure has developed to a high level. If drama is still an ornament in Shakespeare's plays, then this structure is the central skeleton of the drama in Pirandello's plays. Due to the diversity of structure, modernist drama can be deeply rooted in people's hearts and show people's psychological inner things in the form of stage.
Due to the structural differences, realistic drama and modernist drama naturally go their separate ways in their forms of expression.
I just mentioned that the development direction of realistic drama is a process of constant purification. The development of ancient Greek drama can prove this point. Ancient Greek drama originated from "Dionysian priests". At that time, there were songs and dances in the drama, and of course there were the most primitive role-playing (or role imitation) ......
What is western drama?
The birth and dawn of western drama are generally regarded as ancient Greek tragedies, which originated from the worship ceremony of Dionysus in ancient Greek city-states. In festivals, people play Dionysus, sing "Ode to God" and dance "Sheep People Dance" (sheep is an animal representing Dionysus). Ancient Greek tragedies are all poetic dramas, rigorous, quaint and solemn. There is a chorus during the performance, and historical facts show that chorus exists before the actors. About this origin, we can also refer to the early philosophical work "The Birth of Tragedy" by the German philosopher Nietzsche.
What are the famous operas and plays in western countries?
Too many. Let me give some classic examples, such as Verdi and Rossini's operas.
La Traviata, Turandot, Madame Butterfly and so on.
Shakespeare's plays are also the most classic in western countries. Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and so on.
Moliere's plays are also French classics, such as Hypocrite, Miser and so on.
Foreign drama classics and authors
I have a book called 10 foreign drama classics (published by People's Literature Publishing House).
There are:
King Oedipus written by Sophocles in ancient Greece
Sha Ying Stan plays Macbeth.
Mauriere's hypocrite
The Shopkeeper by Italian Godoni
Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais's The Wedding of Figaro
De Schiller's Conspiracy and Love
Russian Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's "Imperial Commissioner"
Thunderstorm in ostrovsky, Russia
The Ghost by Ibsen in Norway
Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Serious
I hope you like it ~ ~
If you are interested, you can go to the library or bookstore to look for it ~ ~
^_^^_^^_^
What are the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western drama schools?
Secondly, historically, the West has a strong narrative tradition, while China has a strong lyric tradition. Therefore, the biggest difference in form between Chinese and western traditional dramas is that China traditional drama is mainly composed of songs and poems, while western traditional drama is mainly composed of dialogues. Structurally, the "three unifications" theory of drama has gradually taken shape in the west, while the space-time structure of China traditional opera is open, its position can flow in artistic expression, and the length of time also meets the needs of the story, which is infinite.
What's the difference between China's drama and western drama?
Opera:
1, program. Fixed motion has its scope of application. Such as "Farewell My Concubine" in Beijing Opera.
2, freehand brushwork. The scenery in the west is real, and there can be at most one table and two chairs in the Chinese opera. Of course, the conditions are good and there are breakthroughs.
3. Virtual. For example, time and space are virtual, the circus is a hundred miles, and the adagio is the fifth watch.
Drama first began in ancient Greece, when poetry prevailed in China. Everyone's worship of poetry influenced everyone's interest in drama until the Yuan Dynasty, but it was later than others 17800. There is no doubt that ancient Greece has become a classic of the West and also a classic of China's drama, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of Chinese and Western drama. When drama is produced in different countries, it is bound to be influenced by the religion, thought and culture of this country. Drama in different countries has different characteristics.
The influence of poetry on China's plays is remarkable. A professor at the University of Michigan said that people in China write operas. In fact, it is often an excuse for poetry. Rushed to a realm, stopped, confessed, wrote poems, and the two sang and sang. In fact, in The West Chamber, Cui Yingying asked Zhang Sheng to sing about forty paragraphs. Although there is a balcony meeting in the middle of the foreign poetic drama Romeo and Juliet, there are also poems to sing. "The more I give, the more he has" means "The more I give, the more I get, because the love between the two sides is infinite". There are poems in it, but it is absolutely impossible to sing more than forty paragraphs. For example, Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying met several times, and each time they expressed a poem. A poem expressed a love, and a love was a short story. Drama should be story-centered, and China's drama can not be separated from the existence of poetry. There are poems in stories and stories in poems. This reminds me that China's poems and paintings also have this saying, "There are paintings in poems and poems in paintings". Therefore, the operas written by China people cannot escape the leap of poetry. Poetry is a flying thing. People in China can walk around the stage, and it will take three thousand miles. One more walk, and 30 years will pass. This is very easy for China people to understand, and it hardly needs to be understood, because Yuan Zaju was born in the era of poetry, and they grew up in this poetic environment, and they know poetry.
China's plays like happy endings, which are very different from western plays. Drama in western society is a metaphor for attacking and criticizing society, so most stories and characters have tragic endings. Just look at Shakespeare's tragedies and his tragic characters, and the ending is death. Romeo and Juliet have lovers, but it is difficult to get married. However, China people's dramas are mostly used for entertainment and pay little attention to the development of stories. Some plays don't even have any plots. Singing for a few days, all the same person. As long as he or she sings well, the audience is willing to listen and watch, and it doesn't hurt to sing for a few more days. Although there are also tragic figures, or separation or death, the last paragraph is mostly a happy ending, which is related to the traditional culture of China. For example, Dou E's death was a tragedy, but the author arranged for her to tell her father in her dream that the bad guys who framed her should be removed, and finally the bad guys should be removed; Liang Zhu and his wife are both tragedies, so the author arranged for them to become butterflies in order to get a happy reunion. Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying went through many hardships, but all's well that ends well. China people try their best to create a happy ending when writing a script. This is rare in western drama, but China's plays have always been there.
China people are excellent people who inherit the tradition. The first person to write a play can be passed down from generation to generation. Therefore, future generations learn from the experience of predecessors and take the road of predecessors. The audience loves to watch his happy ending, so I'll make one. If this goes on, the drama mode with China characteristics will come into being, and the characteristics of China's drama will be obvious. Different from western drama, it is also manifested in the layout of the stage. We have watched too many plays, and it is not difficult to find such a problem. As soon as the curtain opened and the characters appeared, the good guys and bad guys appeared. Why are bad faces painted on your face? There is no need to analyze them according to the plot. In the past, there were only simple scenery, because China's plays mainly focused on singing skills, mainly on the performances and singing skills of actors, mainly through the performances of actors to attract the audience, especially those famous actors, so it's just as well to simply arrange the stage. Later, with the introduction of western drama theory, "drama and performance should be closer to real life, and the spatial layout and props on the stage should be more in line with the original requirements of the historical and realistic background provided by drama" ......
Please help me make a list of western classic dramas.
Opera: Nutcracker, La Traviata, Carmen, Salome, Figaro's Wedding, Aida, etc.
Musicals: Les Miserables, Cats, Cinderella, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, etc.
Ballet Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker, Four Seasons, etc.
What's the difference between western opera and China opera?
First, the stage background. As soon as the curtain of western opera is opened, you can know where it is, whether it is in the palace or in the town, basically at a glance. In China opera, there is usually only one table and two chairs on the stage, and you don't know where this scene takes place until the actors speak. Secondly, China opera is virtual, while western opera is virtual. On the stage of Chinese opera, the actors will push two empty wine glasses to change until they are as drunk as a fiddler and can go to Wan Li Road with a whip. On the opera stage, many things are true. For example, in Romeo and Juliet, a scene in which Romeo talks with Juliet upstairs and downstairs will really set up a background similar to a two-story building on the stage, which is very different from the Chinese opera. Third, the singing is different. Western operas are generally sung in Italian, including aria, recitation, recitation, aria and so on. There are many kinds of plays in China. As far as Beijing Opera is concerned, Xipi and Huanger are the two main tunes. That's all I thought of. Please refer to other materials for the shortcomings, hoping to help you.
Foreign novels | dramas seeking good looks.
Romeo and Juliet (this is a famous love tragedy)
Gone with the wind (classic can not be ignored)
War and Peace (a little longer, but worth watching)
Hamlet (revenge of the prince, must see! )
Othello (what a tragedy? )
King Lear (Ancient Tragedy)
Macbeth (The Tragedy of Rights)
Notre Dame de Paris (tragedy under cultural precipitation)
Miserable world (a tragic novel that I personally think is very good)
/kloc-the legend of 0/900 years (this is a movie)
Anna? Karenina (unlucky beauty)
La Traviata (Dumas' famous tragedy)
...
Many, like Shakespeare's four tragedies, and many 18, 19 and 20th century writers have written many novels and plays of this type. _ hope to adopt, dear?
Western classical drama
King Oedipus is an ancient Greek drama. The Imperial Envoy and A Doll's House are both famous, both of which reflect the society and can be performed.