At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because ancient learning was in the government, only the children of nobles above scholars had cultural knowledge, so scholars became the names of people with certain knowledge and skills. .
During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them.
There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science.
During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives.
At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further.
Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han dynasty, scholars attached great importance to their fame (that is, personality, integrity and academic ability). Once they become celebrities, the utilitarian position will follow, so scholars become interested in their hearts. , cultivate one nbsp； morality; , Qijia nbsp；; , govern the country nbsp；; , level the world and abide by feudal laws and regulations; Or make friends with glitz, make friends with friends, brag about each other, and seek fame and reputation.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it nbsp very popular among scholars to discuss people. . This kind of personal problem belongs to the folk scope.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Q9 Zheng Zhi nbsp was established. , taste the rights of scholars into * * *. People who are judged by Zhongzheng are given different grades (native products) according to their virtue and family values, and then awarded various official positions.
A person who has not been appraised by Chiang Kai-shek may not be an official. So scholars have the meaning of a certain class.
The opposition between scholars and ordinary people is gradually emerging. All officials with nine grades or above, those who win the first place in authentic products are all scholars, otherwise they are ordinary.
Among the scholars, there is also a family, which can be an official by virtue of its parents and grandparents, and an official from generation to generation, especially for the gentry. The gentry reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and declined in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry as a specific class still existed. After the song dynasty, nbsp；; The word "scholar" or "scholar" has gradually become a general term for ordinary scholars, and no longer refers to qualified officials.
By the Warring States period, the status of the scholar class had improved. During the Spring and Autumn Period, some doctors and ministers who lived in the scholar class held heavy power, such as the Yanghu in the Confucius era. During the Warring States period, scholars were mainly divided into several types: scholars, scholars, debaters and counselors. You can guess their specialty by their names. Mao Sui was a scholar in the Warring States Period (now Guanqiao, Zhang Wang). When I was a child, I swam in Zhao State, and did welcome delivery at the door of Zhao's son Zhao Sheng's house, doing some chores at home.
During the three-year period, there was nothing important to do all day, so there was no reputation and almost no knowledge. In 257 BC, Zhao Haoqi of Qin sent troops to besiege Handan, the capital of Zhao, in an attempt to annex Zhao.
King Xiao quickly sent an emissary to the State of Chu for help, asking him to sign an "alliance" covenant with the State of Chu to jointly fight against the State of Qin in order to save the crisis of the State of Zhao. Nbsp At that time, "the weather was afraid of Qin."
Whether Chu can send troops to save Zhao is related to Zhao's life and death. So Ping Yuanjun decided to choose 20 talented people with both civil and military skills from his own guests to help Chu.
They are prepared to speak well of the king of Chu first, and if this plan fails, they will use force to intimidate the king of Chu to send troops to save Zhao. However, Ping Yuanjun only chose 19 people in the public, and he couldn't pick the right person any more.
Just when Ping Yuanjun was worried about the lack of one person, Mao Sui stood up and said, "There is only one person missing now. Please count me in and take me with you." Ping Yuanjun thinks he has nothing outstanding and doesn't want him to follow.
After repeated requests, Ping Yuanjun said to Mao Sui, "How many years has your husband been with us?" Mao Sui replied: "It has been more than three years." Ping Yuanjun asked again, "Any talented person in the world is like an awl in his pocket, and the tip of the awl will be exposed immediately.
Sir, I've been with you for more than three years, and no one has mentioned you. I've never heard of your superb skills, so I'd better stay. "He said," I am the sharp cone that the king said. Please put me in a cloth bag to stand out today and show your edge.
"Ping Yuanjun reluctantly agreed. The other 19 people also looked down on Mao Sui, laughing internally at his overreaching. Mao Sui didn't mind, so he followed Ping Yuanjun to Chu.
Nbsp; The meeting between Ping Yuanjun and the King of Chu embodies the interests of uniting against Qin. The king of Chu was afraid of Qin and refused to send troops.
The negotiations lasted for a long time without results. At this time, Mao Sui came up to the King of Chu with a sword in his hand and said, "What can two words decide? Now that you have talked for a long time, you still can't make up your mind. What is the reason? " Seeing that the speaker was so rude, the King of Chu asked Ping Yuanjun, "Who did he fuck?" Ping Yuanjun smiled and said, "This man is Mao Mingshui, and he is my guest.
The king of Chu snapped at Mao Sui, "I'm talking to your master. How dare you!" Get off the stage. Instead of stepping down, he took a few steps with his sword and said, "Your Majesty, why do you scold me like this?
2. Classical Chinese translation of "Warring States Policy, Qice I" Interpretation of Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy, Qice I" in the pre-Qin period: Zou Ji is about 54 inches long and has a bright appearance.
One morning, he put on his coat and hat and said to his wife in the mirror, "Who is more beautiful in the north of the city than Xu Gong?" His wife said, "You are very beautiful. How does Gong compare with you? Xu, the most beautiful man in the north of the city Zou Ji didn't believe in himself (more beautiful than Xu Gong), so he asked his concubine, "Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me? "I said, how can I compare with you Gong? The next day, a guest visited from outside. Zou Ji sat talking to him. Zou Ji asked the guest, "Who is more beautiful than Xu Gong? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not as beautiful as you." . "
Another day passed, Xu Gong came to visit. (Zou Ji) looked at it carefully and felt that it was not as beautiful as him. Looking at myself in the mirror, I feel far away from Xu Gong. In the evening, he lay in bed and thought about it, saying, "My wife thinks I am beautiful, but she is partial to me;" I think I am beautiful and afraid of me; The guests praised my beauty and had something to ask me. "
So Zou Ji went to appear before Qi Weiwang and said, "I know I'm not as beautiful as Xu Gong. But my wife is partial to me, my aunt is afraid of me, and my guests want to turn to me, so they all think I am more beautiful than Xu Hongmei.
Now Qi has a territory of thousands of miles, 120 cities. There is not a concubine in the palace, and there is not a trusted minister around him who is not biased towards the king. There is no minister in North Korea who is not afraid of the king. There is no one in China who doesn't want anything from the king: from this point of view, the king has been cheated too seriously! "Qi Weiwang said," that's good. "
So I gave an order: "all ministers, officials and those who can criticize my mistakes face to face will be given excellent rewards;" Those who can write to me and make suggestions will get a medium salary; If you can criticize and discuss my fault in a crowded public place, and it can reach my ears, the next prize. "As soon as the imperial edict arrived, many ministers came to offer suggestions and suggestions, and the courtyard of the palace gate was as lively as the city; A few months later, occasionally someone protested from time to time; A year later, even if I want to make a suggestion, there is nothing to say.
Yan, Zhao, South Korea and Wei all came to the State of Qi to appear before the King of Qi. This is a soldier who lives in the imperial court and defeats others without fighting.
Zou Ji is more than eight feet long, but he is beautiful in appearance. Get up in the morning, dress up, look in the mirror and say to his wife, "I am better than Xu Gong in the north of the city. Who is more beautiful? " ? "His wife said," you are very beautiful. How does Gong compare with you? "Xugong in the north of the city is the most beautiful man in Qi.
Zou Ji didn't believe himself and asked his concubine, "Who is more beautiful than Xu Gong?" ? My concubine said, how can it be as good as you Gong? The next day, a guest came from outside, sat next to him and asked him, "Who is more beautiful than ordinary people?" " ? " The guest said, "Xugong is not as beautiful as you." . "Xu Gong will come tomorrow, but he thinks he is inferior. Look at yourself in the mirror, as far as the horizon.
Thinking about it at dusk, I said, "My wife is beautiful and I am private; The beauty of my concubine is afraid of me; The beauty of the guest is me, I want my things. " So he went to the court to see Wang Wei and said, "I sincerely know that Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei.
My wife is a private minister, my concubine is afraid of me, and everything my guests want is more beautiful than Xu Gong. Today, the land is thousands of miles away and there are 120 cities. Palace ladies are private kings, and court officials are not afraid of kings. They all want the king to be within their four borders: from this point of view, the king is very protected. "
Qi Weiwang said, "You speak very well!" ! "He ordered:" Whoever can stab me in the face will be rewarded; There will be a reward for those who write and exhort me; Those who can slander the city and hear my ears will be rewarded. "
At the beginning of the stage, the ministers remonstrated and the door was crowded; After a few months, from time to time; Years later, although I wanted to talk, I couldn't get in. Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei are all Qi people.
This is the imperial court, and there is no need to use war to defeat the enemy. Extended information writing background: The Warring States Policy is a national historical work, also known as the national policy.
The book records the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan countries. Chronicles began in the early years of the Warring States and ended in the destruction of six countries by Qin, with a history of about 240 years.
The Warring States Policy is divided into 12 strategies, 33 volumes and 497 articles, which mainly describes the political opinions and words and deeds strategies of lobbyists during the Warring States period, and can also be said to be a practical training manual for lobbyists. The book also shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period, and is an important classic for studying the history of the Warring States Period.
The ideological tendency of the book Warring States Policy was denounced by scholars of past dynasties for violating Confucian orthodoxy. The Warring States Policy was once denounced as "heresy" and "fantastic book".
"The Warring States policy is basically self-contained. His moral philosophy mostly adopts Taoism, and his social and political views are close to Legalism, but not compatible with Confucianism alone, so he was criticized by later scholars.
Liu Xiang (77 years ago -6 years ago), whose real name was Gengsheng, lived in Chang 'an, and his ancestral home was Pei County (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Born in Yuanfeng, Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (77 years before), he died in Jianping, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty (6 years before).
Liu Bang's half-brother Liu Jiao is a descendant and Liu Xin's father. His prose is mainly Shu Qinxu and Ancient Books of the School, among which the famous ones are Jian Ying Chang Ling Shu and Zhang Guo Ce Xu, which are characterized by simple narration, fluent theory and ease.
Liu Xiang is the grandson of King Jiao Liu IV of Chu Yuan. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor in the Han Dynasty, he advised doctors.
Zong Zheng was appointed Emperor of the Han Dynasty. Against eunuch Gong Hong, Shi Xian went to prison, waiting to be released.
Later, he was imprisoned for anti-Gong and anti-Xian. After Emperor Cheng of Han acceded to the throne, he was hired as Dr. Guanglu, renamed "Xiang", and the official was a captain.
I was ordered to lead the school secretary and wrote Bielu, the earliest open book catalogue in China. Three articles, most of which are lost.
Today, there are books such as New Preface, Shuoyuan, Biography of Lienv, Warring States Policy, Biography of Liexian, etc. His book The Five Classics and Yi Tong was compiled by Ma Guohan of A Qing Dynasty. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang, and The Classic of Mountains and Seas was compiled by Liu Xiang and his son Liu Xin.
3. Classical Chinese Warring States Policy, Qi Ce, Two Instruments, Qin concluded that there are unexpected events in the sky, and people are doomed to misfortune.
People who wander in society should always be on guard against sudden changes. Even such a prominent person as Zhang Yi is always in trouble, not to mention our generation. Let's take a look at how Zhang Yi deals with sudden disasters. It turned out that Zhang Yi had a deal with Qin.
When King Hui died, he immediately left and right Zhang Yi and said, "mr. yi is unfaithful." Before you say anything, let it do it again.
Hearing this, Zhang Yi said, "I have a foolish plan to be king." The king said, "What can we do?" He said: "If you plan for your country, there will be great changes in the East, and then the king can cut more land.
Today, the princes and ministers of Qi hate Zhang Yi, and the place where Yi lies will be cut by soldiers. Therefore, I am willing to beg for the greed of Liang and send troops to cut it.
Qi and Liang Enemy at the Gates should not be out of phase. During this period, the king cut Korea, entered Sanchuan, and sent troops to Hangu Pass without cutting. In the next week, the sacrificial vessel was released, and the son of heaven held it, and the case was recorded. So is this Wang Ye. "The king said," good. "
This is a leather car and 30 times the beam. Qi transferred soldiers to cut it.
Liang Wang is afraid. Zhang Yi said, "Don't worry, Your Majesty, please order the army to stop."
So as to enrich people and make them neat. The affairs of Qi and Chu were finished, because the king of Qi said, "The king hates Zhang Yi very much, although he entrusted the king of Qin with his instrument."
King Qi said, "I hate Zhang Yi very much. Where the instrument is, the soldiers will be cut. Why should I entrust it? " He said, "Yes, it is the trust of the king. When Yi left Qin, he made an appointment with the king of Qin:' If it is the king's plan, the East will change greatly, and then the king can cut more land.
The King of Qi hates his guts, and if he has it, he will adjust his troops to cut it. Therefore, I am willing to beg for the greed of the beam and gather troops to cut the beam.
The soldiers of Liang and Qi couldn't even walk, so Wang cut Korea into Sanchuan and sent troops to Hangu Pass without cutting. In the next week, the sacrificial vessels will come out and the son of heaven will be held in his arms. This is Wang Ye. The king of Qin, turned the cart thirty times and showed himself to the beam.
And the fruit of cutting is that the king of Qi attacked himself and cut the country, and his neighbors lived on their own, but trusted the king of Qin. This minister is also called the instrument of trust. "
Qi Weiwang said, "You speak very well!" ! "Stop here.
Zhang Yi served King Hui of Qin. After the death of King Hui, King Wu succeeded to the throne. The officials around King Wu took the opportunity to slander Zhang Yi, accusing him of disloyalty to King Hui in the past.
It never rains but it pours. At this time, the King of Qi sent messengers to condemn King Wu, saying that he should not reuse Zhang Yi. Hearing this, Zhang Yiran said to the king of Wu, "I have a plan. Although it is not brilliant, I hope you can rule it. "
King Wu asked him, "What's the plan?" Zhang Yi said: "For the benefit of the country, the best policy is nothing more than chaos in Shandong countries. The king takes advantage of the situation to attack the city and plunder the land and expand the territory. Now the King of Qi hates his ministers. Wherever they go, he will send troops to attack them regardless.
Therefore, I am willing to give up my black sheep and go to Wei, thus provoking the King of Qi to send troops to attack Wei. When the Qi Wei army arrived at the gate of Daliang City, the King of Qi could seize the opportunity to invade the land of Sanchuan in South Korea, so that Qin Bingdong could enter and leave Hangu Pass unimpeded, and his army was forced to push the boundary for two weeks, demanding the sacrificial vessels of the emperor, and then relying on the emperor to rule the world. This is the eternal imperial heritage! "featuring good, then send thirty chariots, send yi cheung to wei girder.
The King of Qi sent troops to attack Wei. Wang Wei was terrified.
At this moment, Zhang Yi stood up and said, "Your Majesty, don't worry. I can make Qi retreat. " So Zhang Yi handed a plan to Xie Renfeng Xi and asked him to go to Chu.
Feng went to Qi in the name of the envoy of Chu. When Feng arrived here, after dealing with the affairs between Qi and Chu, he took the opportunity to say to the King of Qi: "It has always been said that the King of Qi hated Zhang Yi, but what makes me wonder is why the King of Qi praised Zhang Yi so much in front of the King of Qin?" The king of Qi asked strangely, "I hate Zhang Yi very much. Where is Zhang Yi? I must attack it and let it have nowhere to hide. Why do you say I flatter Zhang Yi? " Feng said to him, "This is where the King praised Zhang Yi.
When Zhang Yi left the State of Qin, she consulted with King Wu. Zhang Yi said:' For the sake of the king, if war breaks out in the East, Qin will take the opportunity to expand its territory.
The king of Qi hated the minister very much. No matter where the minister lives, no matter how high the mountains and rivers are, no matter how high the prices are, he will inevitably lead troops to cut. I'm willing to be bait, go to Wei as a minister, and let the king of Qi attack Wei.
When the two countries are at war, the king can take advantage of the situation to attack Korea, take Sanchuan, go out to Hangu Pass, and serve as a sacrificial vessel for the emperor for two weeks, and then carry the emperor with him, according to the books on the ground, for Wang Ye. The king of Qin felt very good, so he sent Zhang Yi to Wei with 30 personnel carriers as planned.
As expected, the King of Qi was taken in by Zhang Yi, who led troops to attack Wei for Zhang Yi, exhausted the people's hearts at home, made allies abroad, made enemies in neighboring countries, put himself at a disadvantage, and more importantly, made Zhang Yi more popular with the King of Qin. This is what I call' kissing up to Yi Chang'.
"The king of Qi woke up and quickly stopped attacking Wei. Qin attack Zhao Changping abstract "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle", a wise man will see through the trap of others, and a stupid man will not know it when he falls into the trap of others.
When making suggestions, it is always the first to master the other side's strategy. It turned out that the State of Qin attacked Zhao Changping and made concerted efforts to rescue him.
Ji Qin said, "If Qi and Chu save Zhao, they will retreat; If you don't kiss, attack it. " Zhao had no food, so he invited Su to go, but Qi wouldn't listen.
He said to the king of Qi, "It is better to listen to his words than to listen to them. It is the plan of Qin, and the plan of Qi and Yan has gone too far. Moreover, Zhao hid from Yan Ji, and his teeth were full of lips. When his lips died, his teeth were cold.
Today, Zhao dies, and tomorrow will be neat and tidy. Besides, if my husband saves Zhao, he should offer an urn and pot.
Husband saves Zhao, Gao Yi also; However, it is also famous. Righteousness to save Zhao, power is stronger than pool, not so, and love millet, for the national economy. "
Qin attacked Changping, Zhao and Qi Chu and fought to save Zhao. The king of Qin calculated, "Now Qi and Chu have come to save Zhao. If they unite, it is not too late for me to retreat. " If they disperse, use the situation to attack them. "
At this time, Zhao Jun was in a food emergency and sent someone to borrow food from Qi, but the king of Qi ignored it. Zhou Zi, the counselor, said to the King of Qi, "Your Majesty might as well lend grain and rice to Zhao for the time being, so that he can repel the State of Qi. If you ignore it, Qi will be fearless and will not shrink back.
In this way, Qin's plan was in the middle, while Qi and Yan made mistakes. Besides, for Yan and Qi, Zhao is the natural barrier of Qin.
This is like the relationship between teeth and lips. Without lips, teeth will feel cold. If Zhao is killed today, tomorrow's disaster will befall Qi and Chu.
Therefore, saving Zhao is like holding a leaky urn and dousing a burnt pot.
4. Examples of common special sentence patterns in junior high school classical Chinese There are four special sentence patterns in junior high school classical Chinese: judgment sentence, ellipsis sentence, passive sentence and inversion sentence. First, a judgment sentence affirms or denies objective things and constitutes the relationship between judgment and judgment, which is called a judgment sentence. They are usually composed of the following ways: 1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as "zhe" and "ye". (l) Chen, a native of Yangcheng, is also fighting for her husband. (2) Debate, (3) Surrounding Chu Mountains and Zuiweng Pavilion, (4) Being north of the city, the beauty of Qi is also beautiful. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 2. With the help of words such as "Nai", "Yes", "Wei", "Ze" and "Ben". (1) Fu Su's Chen She family is the founder; (2) Alice is a middleman; (3) Xiang Yan is the Chen She family of General Chu; (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower; (5) This is an example of Zhen Liang's death. Using nouns or noun phrases as predicates is also a form of judging sentences in classical Chinese. 2. Elliptic sentences Some sentences omit some components of the sentence in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. In ancient Chinese, the common forms of ellipsis sentences are as follows: 1 Subject ellipsis (1) A wild snake in Yongzhou, [Snake] printed "Snake Catcher's Talk" in black and white (2) [People in Peach Blossom Garden] were frightened when they saw the fisherman's "Peach Blossom Garden". The predicate was omitted (1), then [knocked] and declined, [knocked] and exhausted Cao Gui Debate (2) Chen She became a general. Li is the head of the family. 3. The object ellipsis (left) Ambassador [Fu Su] will send soldiers to the Chen She family. (2) The fisherman will go home. (4) Preposition ellipsis (L) Chen She Family [2] Wu Lingren. Narrative sentences in which the subject and predicate are in a passive relationship are called passive sentences. Generally speaking, there are the following forms: l. Use "for ………………" and "for" to express passivity. (1) Both worms were swallowed by Tongqu. 2. Use "for+ verb" to express passivity. (1) Wu Guangsu wrote Song Xiaoguo's Waiting for the Rabbit 3. Use "Yu" to indicate passivity. (1) only humiliated "Ma Shuo" in the hands of slaves. Inverted sentences in modern Chinese are to meet the needs of rhetorical expression, but in ancient times, inverted sentences were normal syntax. Therefore, in the translation of classical Chinese, it is sometimes necessary to make appropriate adjustments. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms: 1. Verb inversion (1) is very embarrassed. You don't appreciate Yugong Mountain. 2. Preposition object A. Use the auxiliary word "zhi" to advance the object. Interrogative pronouns are objects. Put it before a verb or preposition. 3. "Zhe" is often used as a marker after the attribute, and it is put before the noun in translation. (1) People who cover the peach pit and narrow it call it "the story of the nuclear ship" (2) "Ma Shuo" who traveled all the way from the horse to eat or eat all the millet stones (3) and then took the lead in taking on three husbands. Translation should come before predicate. (1) Bone-throwing Wolf (2) Fighting with a long spoon; Cao Gui Debate (3) Sacrificing four special sentence patterns in classical Chinese above Chen She family, which are often encountered in junior high school classical Chinese learning. Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese. The passive sentence of special sentence pattern in classical Chinese is called passive. That is to say, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and implementer. If you use "for" to express passive "death, death, the whole world is laughing", will you complain? ... laughed at by the whole world) and "Bei" to express passive loyalty and slander? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? In classical Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient (... cheated in vain) and passive "subject to others" (subject to others) and "intolerable distance." Can't be tolerated by neighbors. In ancient Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient, not active and agent. That is, with the help of some passive verbs, the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called passive sentences with ideas. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative. For example, "So, I don't understand Zheng Xiu. That foreign bully is Zhang Yi." (historical records. Biographies of Qu Yuan) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here were issued after "Yu" with Zhang Yi. Sometimes, the preposition "Yu" or verb is preceded by "Bei" to form the form of "Bei". Yu, "said. I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king. I'm afraid I will be wronged by the king. (ditto) I was violently attacked by the king. (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia) There is a special usage of "Jian" which is very similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as "Is Ji Jun honest or angry?" ("such as" forgive me "in modern Chinese. Use "Wei" and "Wei". Cable "to express passivity. For example, "(the giant) will be merged by others in a distant county." ("Zi") Use "Bei" to express passivity. For example, "Yu Jude remembers that Duke Zhou was arrested and Ding Mao looked forward to March. Push the soldier to his ear. " (Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "pushing soldiers to the ear" means "being forced by soldiers". Passive sentences are sentences that express passive meanings. In classical Chinese, some prepositions are often used to express passivity. Prepositions "Yu" and "Suffering"
5. What is the translation of the classical Chinese Warring States Policy in summer homework? There was a nobleman in ancient Chu who offered a pot of wine to the guests who came to help after offering sacrifices to their ancestors. The guests discussed with each other and said, "This pot of wine is not enough for everyone to drink. It is enough for one person to drink. Let's each draw a snake on the ground. Whoever smokes first will drink this pot of wine. " One person drew the snake first. He picked up the hip flask and was about to drink it, but proudly held it in his left hand and continued to draw a snake in his right hand, saying, "I can add more feet to it!" " But before he finished drawing his feet, another man had drawn a snake. The man grabbed the hip flask and said, "Snakes have no feet. How can you add feet to it? " Then he drank the wine in the pot.
The gild the lily didn't drink at last.
6. I am a junior high school student. After learning ancient Chinese, I like Historical Records and Warring States Policy very much. From the subject matter, Warring States Policy is a chronological style, while Historical Records is a biographical style. In terms of content and writing techniques, The Warring States Policy is short and pithy, which is basically true historical facts, while Historical Records is richer and more literary. There are also biographies of warring States figures in history books.
Personally, I think it's better to look at the Warring States Policy first. Two books with the same title can be compared. Weigh yourself, don't be too obsessed with extracurricular books when you are busy studying.
Pay attention to the publishing house when buying books, and don't buy books from unknown publishing houses. Zhonghua Book Company and Name Literature Publishing House are more at ease. If you have a good knowledge of ancient Chinese, you don't need to look at the translation. Study hard and make progress every day ~ ~
7. The complete works of classical Chinese translation in the first volume of the seventh grade of junior middle school classical Chinese Daquan People's Education Edition
First unit
5. Childlike interest (divine gift)
Second unit
10, Ten Analects of Confucius
Third unit
15, five ancient poems
Look at the sea (Cao Cao)
A berth at the foot of Beibao Mountain (Wang Wan)
Spring outing in Qiantang River (Bai Juyi)
Xijiangyue (Xin Qiji)
Tianjingsha Qiu Si (Ma Zhiyuan)
Fourth unit
20.* Shancheng (Pu Songling)
Fifth unit
25. Two articles of Shi Shuo Xin Yu
Xue Yong
Chen Taiqiu and Friendship Period
Sixth unit
30.* Four Fables
Think children are smart and doubt your neighbors.
The old pioneer lost his horse-a blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise.
Full translation of classical Chinese in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Edition.
First unit
5. Shang (Wang Anshi)
Second unit
10, Mulan poem
Third unit
15, * Sun Quan advised Zijian
Fourth unit
20, ventriloquism (Lin Sihuan)
Fifth unit
25. Two short essays
Kuafu's Daily Classic of Mountains and Seas
Two children argued about Japanese Liezi.
Sixth unit
30.* Wolf (Pu Songling)
The complete works of classical Chinese translation in the first volume of the eighth grade of People's Education Press
Fifth unit
2 1, Taohuayuan (Tao Yuanming)
22. Two short essays
Humble room inscription (Liu Yuxi)
Ailian said (Zhou Dunyi)
23. Nuclear Boat (Wei Xueyi)
24. A trip to the Avenue (Book of Rites)
25. Three Poems by Du Fu
Wang yue
spring scenery
Li Shihao
Sixth unit
26. Three Gorges (Li Daoyuan)
27. Two short essays
Thanks to Zhong Shushu (Tao Hongjing)
Night Tour in Chengtian Temple (Su Shi)
28. Observe the tides (carefully)
29. Look at the snow in the middle of the lake (Zhang Dai)
30. Four poems belong to Yuan Tianju (Tao Yuanming)
Arriving at the border (Wang Wei)
Seeing a friend off at Jingmen Ferry (Li Bai)
Huangdenghelou
Full translation of classical Chinese in the second volume of the eighth grade of People's Education Edition.
Fifth unit
2 1, and Zhu Shu (Wu Jun)
22. Biography of Mr. Wuliu (Tao Yuanming)
23. Ma Shuo (Han Yu)
24. Send the horse to Dongyang (excerpt) (Song Lian)
25. Five poems and songs were presented at the first meeting of Lotte (Liu Yuxi) in Yangzhou.
Chibi (Dumu)
Guo Yang (Wen Tianxiang)
Water regulation (when is the bright moon) (Su Shi)
Mountain slope sheep Tongguan nostalgia (Zhang)
Sixth unit
26. Xiaoshitang (Liu Zongyuan)
27. Yueyang Tower (Fan Zhongyan)
28. Zuiwengting (Ouyang Xiu)
29. Man Jing's Travel Notes (Yuan Hongdao)
30, five poems drinking (5) (Tao Yuanming)
It's hard to go (1) (Li Bai)
The hut was broken by the autumn wind (Du Fu)
A song "Bai Xuege" sent Tian Shuji Wu home ()
Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems (Gong Zizhen)
The complete works of classical Chinese translation in the first volume of the ninth grade of People's Education Press
Sixth unit
2 1, Chen She aristocratic family (Sima Qian)
22. Tang Ju lives up to her mission (Liu Xiang)
23. Longzhong Dui (Chen Shou)
24. Be a model (Zhuge Liang)
25. Five words
Wang Jiangnan (Wen)
Jiangchengzi Mizhou went hunting (Su Shi)
The Fisherman's Pride (Fan Zhongyan)
Get out of the queue and send a message to Chen Tongfu (Xin Qiji)
Wu Lingchun (Li Qingzhao)
The complete translation of classical Chinese in the second volume of the ninth grade of People's Education Press.
Fifth unit
17, ink input.
18, Mencius two chapters
a just cause enjoys abundant support while an unjust cause finds little
Be born at hardship, die at peace and happiness
19, fish what I want, Mencius
20. Two stories about Zhuangzi.
Huizi Xiang Liang
Zhuangzi and Keiko are swimming in Haoliang.
Sixth unit
2 1, Cao Gui's argument about Zuo Zhuan
22. Zou Ji satirized Wang Qi's Warring States policy.
23, Yugong Yishan "Liezi"
24. Two poems in The Book of Songs
Crown spike
Jianjia