In the eighth year of Zhenyuan, 42-year-old Meng Jiao went to Chang 'an to take the exam. At this time, 25-year-old Han Yu saw him off. This is the first great meeting between Han and Meng. The age gap did not separate them, but laid the foundation for their next two gatherings. Zhang Ji, Li He, Jia Dao and others were added to these two gatherings, which played an important role in the formation of Han Meng's poetry school. From the first meeting to the second meeting, a poetic school system with Meng Jiao as the center and Han Yu as the center was established.
Han Meng's poetry school has two basic propositions: first, the theory of "injustice makes a sound"; The second is "the theory of nature created by pen". The first view was put forward by Han Yu. In his letter to Meng Jiao, Preface to Send Meng Dongye, he said, "If something goes wrong, it will sound ... What others say is also true. If you have to talk, your songs are thoughtful and your crying is pregnant. " Han Yu believes that everything spoken and written on paper is an uneven sound. "Uneven" refers to emotional excitement, or passion, or sorrow, or sadness or joy. This is a letter written by Han Yu to Meng Jiao. Meng Jiao was poor and incompetent all his life. He is more concerned about the dissatisfaction of those complainers. "If you hear injustice" also advocates emotional catharsis, which is unrestricted and very enjoyable to express. The so-called "being suppressed in the middle and venting outward" is precisely this truth.
Another important point of Han Meng's poetry school is that "the pen is natural". In other words, to make up for the shortage of nature with poetry, we should not only have a creative concept of poetry, but also make a subjective judgment on the object. Here, Meng Jiao advocates using his own heart to be a Kun and standardize everything; Han Yu, on the other hand, pays more attention to the mind, courage and subjective judgment of the object. He believes that "writing complements nature" means making decisions based on subjective feelings. Han Meng's poetry school advocates "writing to supplement nature" and at the same time advocates the beauty of strangeness and strangeness. Han Yu's comments on poetry do not depend on public standards. He thinks that those poems with infinite strength, strange words and strange environment are worthy of praise, so he puts Li Bai and Du Fu in the same position and says that "Du Li's articles are endless." Since Han Yu put forward these viewpoints, Han Meng's poets have been working hard in this direction. Although most of these poets are in a state of having fun in hardships because of their limited experience, limited vision and narrow materials, lacking grandeur and wonder, and their poetic realm is also secluded, they practice Han Yu's thought with their own aesthetic pursuit and strengthen the style characteristics of wonder. This series of propositions is a progressive viewpoint in the history of poetry theory, which embodies the internal expression of poetry's social function to lyric function and creative theme.
Han Yu's creation in poetry is far less than his achievements in articles, so Han Yu is regarded as the first of the "eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". His life experiences are fully displayed in his articles. He was born in Meng County, Henan Province, and became an orphan very early. Fortunately, his brother and sister-in-law are very kind to him and give him a good education. At the age of twenty, he was a scholar and held an important position. Later, he was demoted to Guangdong and became the secretariat of Chaozhou. Han Yuduo's archaic long poems reveal realistic contradictions and express personal frustration. There are also many fresh and verve poems, such as the familiar poem "The rain is crisp in the sky, and the grass is near in the distance, but there is nothing." The most important thing is the benefits of a spring, and victory is a willow. " But Han Yu's most famous poems are those famous for their majestic and strange images. He liked bold things when he was very young, and his personality was full of the pursuit of novelty. He advocated the theory of "nourishing qi", which made him have the spirit of daring to anger and spleen, and became a poem characterized by arrogance and excitement. His "Song of the Stone Drum" is vigorous and tough, vividly showing the historical process of the formation of the stone drum, with vigorous and powerful action description and pride.
Han Yu devoted himself to the world all his life and had a strong sense of right and wrong, which led to a strange feature of his aesthetics, namely resentment, depression and excitement. On the other hand, great political pressure aggravated Han Yu's psychological conflict, and the southern scenery he experienced also appeared in his heart, which made Han Yu's poetic style change greatly. During this period, he formed the poetic characteristics of taking vulgarity as beauty and ugliness as beauty. Han Yu also made bold explorations in poetic expression. He wrote poems with fu, which was extravagant and colorful. Nanshan is his masterpiece. The whole poem rhymes 102, 1000 words. It describes the majestic Mount Zhongnan and the changes of scenery in the four seasons. And that poem "Mountain Fire of Lu Soul" describes the fierceness and intensity of a mountain fire, and that extraordinary creation is exactly what Han Yu pursues for the art of poetry.
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No one asked me since I was a child, and the article stood forever.
When the crown is weak, when you are a scholar, you should greet the Buddha's bones to show your heart.
I wrote an anti-Chaozhou letter, which is hard to find eight thousand miles away.
Pen to make up for ghosts and gods, where did you hear the injustice?
Meng Jiao is most famous for Ode to a Wanderer and a poem written by an official in his forties, Horseshoe Disease in the Spring Breeze, Seeing All the Chang 'an Flowers in One Day. Meng Jiao, a native of Deqing, Zhejiang, is aloof and uninhibited with different customs. Although he has a heart of fame, he is not flexible. He was only admitted to Jinshi at the age of 46 and lived next door all his life. He is hungry and cold, poor, childless, old and weak, and suffering from life. In Meng Jiao's works, there are some poems that care about the society and reflect the lower class. These works are lyrical and touching. The word has the spirit of Han and Wei dynasties, and people are kind. Meng Jiao's poems are famous for their bitter songs, which pay attention to the refinement of words and pursue the strangeness of thoughts, such as "The leaves of the wind are strewn at random, and the snow apes are called mountains" and "Look at the tears of my concubine and your husband, two drops of water. "Look at the hibiscus, who will die this year!" The hypothesis of lotus soaking in tears is used to express the deep resentment of the characters.
Meng Jiao writes most poems full of seclusion, coldness and bitterness, which are narrow and blunt in style and used to express the hardships of life. For example, "the days are short and easy to get old, but the nights are long and cold." "Autumn grass is as thin as hair, and Zhen Fang is resplendent and magnificent." Most of Meng Jiao's poems focus on the word "cold", trying to express his special feelings about life. Su Shi called it an "isolated island" with similar poems in Jia Dao, which is the best summary of Meng's poems. In Meng Jiao's poems, the combination of images such as "singing insects", "autumn dew", "autumn grass" and "Coody Leng" is often used to render a strong sadness. Later, Meng Jiao gradually accepted some of Han Yu's theories, and also created some poems with ugly beauty and strange images. However, Meng Jiao's talent is not as brilliant as Han Yu's, and his vision is limited by his life experience to a certain extent, so his strange poems develop in a cold direction, which is different from Han Yu's.
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I still remember the thread in the hand of a kind mother, and my reputation will not last for forty years.
People call me crazy and lonely, and I scream at the sky.
The short sleep in the daytime makes the old night cold, and the autumn grass is as thin as a fiber.
I still remember when I won the first prize, I spent my sleep in Chang 'an.
In addition to the suburbs of Meng, Han Meng's poetry school also has members such as Lu Tong, Ma Yi and Liu Cha. Lutong was poor all his life, with a character like Meng Jiao, but there was a sense of heroism in the introduction, similar to Han Yu. Influenced by Han and Meng, Lutong often uses strange and ugly images in his poems, but there are also subtle and euphemistic masterpieces, such as Thinking. Ma Su befriended Lu Tong, and his poems are also famous for their strange adventures. His language is powerful and his metaphor is clever.
Liu Cha calls himself Peng, and he also calls himself "Old Fork" and "". Ren Xia attached great importance to justice and had drunk and killed people. His poetic style is consistent with his character, generous and vigorous, such as "Ye Fu is angry and sees injustice, and wears ten thousand knives in his chest". The most representative works are those that show self-discipline and the sufferings of people's livelihood, such as "Icicle": "Heaven and man cut flowers overnight, and they all turn into six ..." Su Shi expressed his appreciation for this. He once wrote a poem to commemorate Liu Cha's "inability to write poems because of his old illness, and he remembered Liu Cha when he sang icicles."
In addition to pursuing the magnificent and bizarre beauty of poetry, Han Meng's poetry school also boldly innovated, integrating prose and syntax into poetry and integrating narrative and discussion. As a representative of ancient prose, Han Yu is familiar with the composition of ancient prose and has a bold personality. Therefore, in the expression of poetry, he uses a relatively free prose pen to convey poetry and makes a happy narrative lyric, such as "Breaking the Rock". "At midnight, I lay there and couldn't hear even a bug. The mountain and the moon entered my door with her pure light ..." The whole poem doesn't need to be linked or carved. According to the chronological straight book, it is a combination of beauty and lightness in structural arrangement. Han Yu not only used the structure of prose, but also used a lot of prose syntax in the text, trying to eliminate the boundary between poetry and text. This completely broke the fluent characteristics of poetry, and it was novel, uncommon and peculiar in form, with obvious prose tendency. At the same time, Han Yu ignored the tradition of attaching importance to image, comparison and interest in classical poetry, and often expressed his views on life and society directly in his poems, which formed the characteristic of putting discussion into poetry.
In a word, Han Yu has made outstanding contributions in opposing tradition and being determined to innovate. He mastered poetry with great courage, giving it unprecedented strength and surreal color; He carved words and expressions, sought adventure and created a lot of unique adventures and strange images; He started a generation of poetic style by discussing poetry, which shows his contribution to Tang poetry. In the Qing Dynasty, Ye Xie pointed out in The Original Poem that "Han Yu is a great change in Tang poetry, with great strength, strong thinking and rising as the originator." These changes also had a great influence on the poetry of Song people.