Hugo 1802 was born in Besancon in the south of France. My grandfather was a carpenter and my father was an American army officer. He was once killed by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph of Spain. Bonaparte was awarded the rank of general and was trusted by the king. Hugo is brilliant and studious. He began to write poetry at the age of 9, and returned to Paris to study at the age of 10. He graduated from middle school and studied in law school, but his interest is writing. At the age of 65,438+05, he won the prize in the Poetry Competition of the French Academy; at the age of 65,438+07, he won the first prize in the "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition"; at the age of 20, he published a collection of poems "Ode to Poetry", which won the Louis Stanislas Xavier Prize for praising the restoration of Bourbon, and later he wrote a lot of exotic poems. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poetic dramas and plays, as well as several novels with distinctive characteristics, and carried out his thoughts.
184 1 Hugo was elected as an academician of the French Academy, 1845 was elected as a member of the House of Lords, 1848 was elected as a representative of the Republic of * * after the February Revolution, 18565438 Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor. Hugo rose up and was forced into exile. During his exile, he wrote
1870 After the French bloodless revolution overthrew Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, Hugo returned to Paris. Hugo's life works cover almost all fields of literature. Critics believe that his creative ideas are closest to modern ideas. After his death, France mourned and was buried in the "Pantheon" where French celebrities gathered to commemorate cards.
Hugo experienced almost all the major events in France in the19th century. He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary comments and political articles in his life, and was an influential figure in France.
Hugo's creative history is more than 60 years, and his works include 26 volumes of poems, 20 volumes of novels, 79 volumes of plays 12 and 2 volumes of philosophical papers1,which adds a brilliant cultural heritage to the treasure house of French literature and human culture. His representative works include Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, Workers of the Sea, Spiritual Man, Quartet and the collection of poems Light and Shadow. Short stories: the tragedy of Normandy.
Voltaire, formerly known as Fran? ois-Marie Arouet, was a French enlightenment thinker, writer and philosopher. Voltaire was the standard-bearer of the French bourgeois enlightenment in the18th century, and was known as "the king of French thought", "the best poet in France" and "the conscience of Europe". He not only has outstanding achievements in philosophy, but also is famous for defending civil liberties, especially freedom of belief and judicial justice. Voltaire openly supported social reform, despite strict censorship in his time. His remarks were satirical and often attacked the dogma of the Christian church and the French education system at that time. He advocates natural human rights and believes that all people are born free and equal, and all people have the right to pursue survival and happiness, which is endowed by heaven and cannot be deprived. This is an innate idea of human rights.
Voltaire has created a large number of literary works, among which the famous ones are the epic Henry Yade, The Maiden of Orleans, the tragedy Odeber, the comedy the dissolute son, the philosophical novel the honest man and the naive man. He also wrote many historical works, such as Louis XIV and On the Customs and Spirits of All Ethnic Groups. In philosophy, his representative works include Dictionary of Philosophy, Metaphysics and Principles of Newton's Philosophy, among which the most influential work is Philosophical Exchange, which is called "the first bomb dropped on the old system". Voltaire's extraordinary intelligence, keen thinking and exposure of dark feudal absolutism made him enjoy high prestige among the people. The ruler wants to use him, too. Louis XV asked him to be a court historian, Frederick II of Prussia treated him as a guest of honor, and Catherine II of Russia received him, but they all ended in discord because of his rebellious thoughts.
B.A. Cyxomjnhcknn is a famous educational practitioner and theorist in the Soviet Union. He devoted himself to education from the age of 17 until his death, and enjoyed a high reputation at home and abroad. Born in a peasant family in Ukraine. 1936 to 1939 studied in the correspondence department of poltava normal university, and obtained the qualification certificate of middle school teacher after graduation. From 1948 to 1970, he died and served as the principal of a rural complete middle school-Pavlysh Middle School in his hometown. Since 1957, he has been a member of the Communication Institute of the Russian Federation. 1968, member of the School of Communication, Soviet Institute of Education. 1969 was awarded the title of meritorious teacher of Ukrainian socialists joining the Communist Party of China (CPC), and won two Lenin medals, 1 Red Star medals and several ushinski and makarenko medals. Suhomlinski, while engaged in practical work in school, conducted a series of studies on educational theory, including 100 suggestions for teachers, giving my whole heart to children, pavle Middle School, the birth of a citizen, a lost day, a letter to my daughter, etc.