I. rhythm
Rhyme is an important expression of literary language, and rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry. The so-called rhyme in poetry is roughly equal to the vowel in modern Chinese [1]. The so-called rhyme is to put two or more words in the same position, and the repetition of words in the same position constitutes the beauty of sound, which makes the sound and rhyme of the work harmonious and easy to remember.
1. The rhyme of this poem. Rhyme is the main factor that constitutes a poem. Both ancient poems and modern poems require rhyme. Without rhythm, a poem cannot be formed.
The rhyme of ancient poetry is flexible, and the most common ones are: two rhymes, one rhymes to the end; Every sentence rhymes, rhymes to the end; Turn rhyme; Yun Tong is the first collection of poems in China, and the rhyme in The Book of Songs is very universal, flexible and harmonious. Rhyme has the following forms: no rhyme in the sentence, rhyme in the sentence, rhyme at the end of the chapter, rhyme sentence by sentence, rhyme every other sentence.
Modern poetry embodies the highest achievement of the phonological beauty of China's classical poetry, and its rhythm has been modeled and simplified. There are four points worth noting: ① Even sentences must rhyme at the end, which is called "rhyme foot", odd sentences? Except the first sentence? Snow doesn't need to rhyme. The first sentence may or may not rhyme. (3) must rhyme to the end, can't turn rhyme, are not allowed to rhyme. (4) More flat and even rhymes are used.
Few people rhyme.
2. Rhyme of words. The rhyme of Chinese characters is complicated, and different tones have different rules in rhyme, such as flat, flat and flat. There is rhyme at the end and rhyme in the middle. In short, words are filled in according to the score, where they need to rhyme, where they don't, whether they rhyme or level, whether they rhyme at the end or in the middle. There are rules in the music score. Just rhyme according to the music score. Generally speaking, the rhyme of words can be divided into "one rhyme at a time" and "one rhyme at a time". Starting with rhyme, that is, a word, the whole article has only one rhyme part, and the rhyme is at the end, or the rhyme is flat, or the rhyme is flat, and the rhyme is unchanged and uneven in the middle. "One song with multiple rhymes" generally includes "the same rhyme is flat, the rhyme is mixed", "the rhyme is changed" and "the rhyme is mixed".
Second, temperament
That is, different tones alternate regularly, forming the cadence of sentences. In poetry, different tones? There are some words in acupoints that need to be distinguished from four tones. The staggered arrangement of snow characters can enrich and diversify the tone of sentences, not appear monotonous, form a patchwork rhythm and harmonious level tone, and form a musical aesthetic feeling. Tone is one of the elements of Chinese pronunciation, which can distinguish the meaning of words. Chinese has a tone, which makes Chinese have the musical beauty of cadence. Each tone has its own characteristics. The predecessors once said: "sorrow is peaceful, yang is harsh, Qing is far from the sound, and straight is the sound." [2] In fact, the tone values of different dialects are different, but generally speaking, the level is long and the fluctuation is not big; Go up three times short, or go up or down or around. Jiang Yong said: "The sound of the sky is flat, like beating a bell and drum; It is short and solid, such as hitting civil stones. " [3] This vividly describes the characteristics of different tones. The ancient people summed up the prosodic pattern of "flat and even" from the long-term literary creation practice, which is universal and can be used in poetry. Wang Jide said: "The length of sentences is flat, so we should mediate well, make our feelings euphemistic and sonorous. Although it is not a song, it must be beautiful. " [4] Various styles have different requirements for temperament.
1. The melody of poetry. Modern poetry takes two words as a step, except for the last word of each? Cave meal? Snow, the word behind this word is usually called "rhythm point", so the five-character poem has three beats, and the second and fourth words and the last word are its rhythm points; Seven-character poems have four beats, and 246 words and the last word are their rhythm points.
The general principle of modern poetry rhythm is the alternate use of flat tone and oblique tone. The so-called flat alternation means that the words on adjacent rhythm points must be flat and right. In order to make poetry have musical aesthetic feeling, words in the beat, words in the flat sound and words in the sound are required to be used alternately. In this way, the flat words and the phonetic words in the poem changed from opposition to unity, with high and low tones and pleasant sounds. In addition, it also requires flat and flat, flat and flat. "Flat opposition" refers to the beat in the first and second sentences, the third and fourth sentences in modern poetry. Does the main point not include the words at the end of the sentence? The word used for snow leveling should be the opposite. Take the seven-character quatrain as an example. If the second, fourth and sixth words in the first sentence are flush, then the words added in the same position in the second sentence are flush. On the contrary, these three words in the previous sentence are flush, and the next sentence is flush. The third and fourth sentences are the same. "Flat words" refers to the flat words in the beat between the second sentence and the third sentence in modern poetry. Does the main point not include the last word? Si Nuo, two sentences are required to stick together. Sticking means sticking together, flat and sticky. Take the seven-character quatrains as an example. If the second, fourth and sixth words in the second sentence are flat, then the words in the same position in the third sentence are also flat. On the contrary, the words in the second sentence are flush, and the words in the same position in the third sentence are flush. This rule is called "sticky" in the rules, and it is called "sticky" if it is violated.
2. The rhythm of words. Words have the following characteristics in four tones and even tones: first, the even tones of words are relatively stricter than poems, which not only stipulate that they must be even or even flat, but sometimes distinguish between rising, going and entering, and sometimes even distinguish between yin and yang? The sound of entering the hole is yin and yang? It's snowing. Second, the level of words is determined by the rise and fall of tunes. The level of words cannot be changed, and there is no "hard to save". Thirdly, there are a large number of regular sentences in the word, but there are still quite a few awkward sentences in the style of the word. Are acupoints rhythm points relative to 246? Snow, such as "flat" and "flat". In addition, there are a large number of pure "three syllables" and "four syllables" sentences.
Third, antithesis
The antithetical sentences required in poetry are to make them have the same number of words, the same grammatical structure, the same part of speech, even number of words and symmetrical content. Acupoints are opposite or related, that is, the same part of speech is required to be relative, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, function word to function word; In general, similar things are also required to be relative, such as astronomy to astronomy and vegetation to vegetation? Snow, so as to complement each other, contrast rendering, resulting in symmetry, form, syllable rhetoric beauty.
1. The antithesis of poetry. The antithesis of modern poetry is quite strict. Every two sentences of the metrical poem are a couplet, which is named as the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet in turn. The first sentence of each couplet is called antithesis, and the next sentence is called antithesis. The couplets of chin and neck require antithesis, and the levels of each word in two antithetical sentences should be opposite? A rough idea? Snow, part of speech and meaning should be roughly the same, to avoid word repetition. For example; "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky"? Order Du Fu's four quatrains? Snow, etc. Duality makes rhetoric bright, enhances appeal and improves the effect of artistic expression. Such examples are numerous in the works of Tang and Song Dynasties.
2. The antonym of the word. The antithesis of words is not as strict as modern poetry, and where to use antithesis is not so fixed. This is because there are thousands of tones, and the sentence pattern of each tone is different. As far as a certain tone is concerned, whether antithesis is used can be restricted, but as far as the whole word style is concerned, there can be no consistent requirements.
The antithesis of words is not limited to levels and levels, and rhymes can also be at the same level and level, such as:
The left side leads to yellow and the right side leads to blue. (Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi")
Words don't avoid the same words, such as:
People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. (Su Shi's Water Tune)
Words are divided into long and short sentences, and antithesis can be used in sentences and conjunctions with the same number of words. Usually, if the number of words in the first two sentences is the same, most of them are used to confrontation. In short, the upper and lower queues are in the same position, and you can use duality, upper queque, lower queque, or vice versa, or none of them. The duality of words allows the use of the same word as duality. For example; "Only in the brow, but in the heart" and so on. There are two kinds of antithesis of words, one is the antithesis of regular poems, that is, the antithesis of even words; One kind of antithesis is irregular poetry, that is, the level and level are not completely relative, or even different. This aspect is somewhat similar to the antithesis requirements of ancient poetry. The antithesis of words also includes "homophonic relative" and "overlapping rhyme relative". Such as "swimming water, swimming water"? Snow white gathers righteousness? Cave Sauvignon Blanc? Snow is "opposite rhyme"; Zhang Xian's fairy? Are there any geese at the beginning of the festival? The word "snow" in the first part is "the hall is far away and the bridge is late", and the rhyme of "the flag and the shadow turn and the owl is broken" in the second part is homophonic.
Fourth, sentence patterns
That is, the length and speed of sentences? The number of acupoints? Snow is arranged according to certain rules.
1. Sentence patterns of poetry. We mentioned the concept of "step" when we talked about the rhythm of poetry. So, what is a step? Bud step is a kind of sound group, which is the basic unit to organize the rhythm of poetry, and its function is equivalent to the beat in music. In other words, a step is a syllable of a poem. Judging from the division of sound steps, four-character poems have two sound steps, five-character poems have three sound steps and seven-character poems have four sound steps. With the harmonious rhythm of poetry, people will have a sense of beauty in phonology. For a work, some require neat sentences, and the steps of each sentence are roughly the same.
Some require that the natural pronunciation of words should also obey the needs of sound steps in order to achieve the aesthetic feeling of syllables.
2. The sentence patterns of words. The sentence patterns of words are irregular and varied, which are more flexible than modern poems, ranging from one to eleven sentences. A word into a sentence, such as Zhou Bangyan's "sixteen-character order".
Eleven poems are like "I don't know heaven and palace, what year is it tonight?" Bud ""there should be no hate, why say goodbye? Bud "
Long sentences, short sentences and alternation of length and length have their own functions in literature and their own phonological beauty. Short sentences are concise and lively, and the rhythm is urgent, which is generally suitable for expressing strong and distinct ideas; Long sentences are compact and deep, with slow rhythm, which are generally suitable for expressing euphemistic and delicate feelings; The use of long and short sentences is uneven. Don't have a charm
Rhythm, rhythm, duality and sentence pattern are the main factors that constitute the phonological beauty of works, but not every work should be complete, and different styles often have their own emphasis.