Dondum
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills.
More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
Du Mu (A.D. 803- 852) Author's Brief Introduction Du Mu (A.D. 803-854) was born in Mu Zhi, and was born in Fanchuan (now Xi, Shaanxi Province) in Jingzhao Wannian. Born into a bureaucratic landlord family for generations. Zhong Shi, 26, is the librarian of Hong Wen Pavilion. Later, in addition to being a local aide for ten years, he also worked as a secretariat in Huang, Chi, Mu, Hu and other States, and also worked as a censor, catering department, comparison department and foreign minister. In the central government. Finally, he wrote a book. Author of Fan Chuan's collected works.
Du Mu was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty. In his youth, Du Mu had the ambition to rule the country and level the world, liked reading military books, was upright and outspoken, and dared to point out the shortcomings of the past. Later, because he was involved in the political whirlpool of the party struggle between Niu and Li, his political views did not unfold and he finally fell into a decadent and enjoyable life.
In the aspect of literature, Du Mu advocated the application of literature, emphasizing the content first, supplemented by the form, and advocating the unpretentious style of writing; Oppose moaning and one-sided pursuit of form. In the literary world of the late Tang Dynasty, he advocated "seeking high, not seeking novelty" and was unique in his heroic and handsome style. His seven laws and seven laws are very successful, and the seven laws are particularly concise and natural. Many famous articles are read by later generations. Because of his great achievements in poetry, later generations compared him with Du Fu and called him "Xiao Du", and compared him with Li Shangyin and called him "Du Xiaoli". Although Du Mu wrote some progressive poems, he also wrote many negative, decadent and tasteless works. These poems containing dross should be paid attention to and criticized.
To annotate ...
1, Guo:. Wine flag: wine curtain, a sign hung high outside the hotel.
2. Southern Dynasties: The Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties, whose capital was built in Jiankang (now Nanjing) after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, were collectively referred to as the Southern Dynasties. The rulers at that time were all good at Buddhism and built a large number of temples.
3. Four hundred and eighty temples: emperors and bureaucrats of the Southern Dynasties built Buddhist temples in Beijing (now Nanjing). According to the biography of Guo Zushen, the official history of South China, there are more than 500 Buddhist temples. The 480 temples mentioned here are approximate figures.
4. Loutai: refers to the temple.
Translate poetry
The vast Jiangnan, singing and dancing,
Villages by the water, battlements by the mountain, all have wine flags fluttering in the wind.
The rulers of the Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism and built 480 temples.
How many terraces are shrouded in this misty rain now?
Make an appreciative comment
This is a four-line poem describing the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. How charming and desirable Jiangnan is. "When the sun rises, the river is brighter than fire. When spring comes, the river is as green as blue." Bai Juyi has painted a series of gorgeous pictures for us, but that is only macroscopic, while Du Mu's "Jiangnan Spring" is relatively specific. It seems that we have been to several scenic spots, and we are more impressed. Du Mu not only depicts the beautiful spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, but also reproduces the misty balcony scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, making the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River more magical and confusing. "Thousands of miles of warblers sing green and red, and the water town is full of fruit wine flags." First of all, the poet brought us into the colorful Jiangnan world. You see, there are songs and dances everywhere, green trees and red flowers everywhere; Dripping water village, battlements surrounded by mountains, especially the wine flags fluttering in the wind, are so charming! The interpretation of A Thousand Miles is to write about the whole south of the Yangtze River, but the whole is expressed through concrete images. "Four hundred and eighty temples in the Southern Dynasties were covered with misty rain." There are also temples, which are an important part of the transition to the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River and have a sense of vicissitudes. Many Buddhist buildings left over from the Southern Dynasties are looming in the spring breeze and spring rain, adding confusing beauty. What the poet said here is not "480 temples facing north", but "480 temples facing south", which obviously has different meanings. The rulers of the Southern Dynasties lost their lives for Buddhism, wasted people's money and built a large number of temples. "Southern History Guo Ancestral Family" said: "When the emperor understands Buddhist scriptures, he will change his customs. Therefore, the ancestors said that they all went to more than 500 Buddhist temples, which were extremely magnificent, with more than 100 thousand monks and nuns. The assets are rich, and there are no words in the county. " On this basis, Mutu said that there are obviously fewer "480 temples". Today, the "480 Temple in the Southern Dynasties" has become a historical relic and an integral part of the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. There is no lack of irony in aesthetics, and the connotation of poetry is richer. The four sentences in this poem are all scenic words, each with its own characteristics. There are sounds and colors, space expansion and time tracking. In just 28 words, the poet painted us a vivid and verve picture of spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River in very popular language.
This song "Jiangnan Spring" has enjoyed a high reputation for thousands of years. These four poems not only describe the richness of spring scenery in Jiangnan, but also describe its vastness, profundity and confusion.
"Thousands of miles of warblers sing green and reflect red, and the water town is full of wine flags." The beginning of the poem, like a fast-moving focal plane, swept across the southern land: the vast south of the Yangtze River, orioles singing, green trees reflecting clusters of red flowers; Villages by the water, battlements by the mountain, and wine flags fluttering in the wind are all in sight. Charming Jiangnan, moved by the poet's brilliant pen, is even more exciting. In addition to the richness of the scenery, I am afraid it is different from some garden attractions, confined to a corner, but because it is spread over a large area of land. Therefore, if there is no word "a thousand miles" at the beginning, these two sentences will be weak. However, Yang Shen in Ming Dynasty said in Poems of Sheng 'an Temple: "Who can listen thousands of miles away? "Thousands of miles of green, who can see? If you travel ten miles, you will see green and red scenery, village Guo, balcony, monk temple and wine flag. " For this kind of opinion, He Huan Wen once refuted it in Textual Research on Poems of Past Dynasties: "Even if you make ten miles, you may not be able to hear it. The title cloud "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" shows that Wan Li in the south of the Yangtze River is vast, and among the Wan Li, birds are singing and reflecting the green. There are no wine flags everywhere in Shuicun Mountain, and most of the towers of the 480 Hall are in the misty rain. This poem is wide, so it is not allowed to refer to one place, so it is called "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" ... "He's statement is right, which is for the needs of typical generalization of literature and art, and the last two sentences are the same. "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy." From the first two sentences, it should be a sunny scene with singing and dancing, red and green setting each other off and wine flags fluttering, but these two sentences are clearly written in the misty rain. What's going on here? This is because within a thousand miles, rain or shine is uncertain everywhere, which is completely understandable. But what needs to be seen is that the poet grasped the characteristics of Jiangnan scenery with typical techniques. Jiangnan is characterized by beautiful mountains and rivers, bright flowers, intricate colors, rich levels and strong three-dimensional sense. While reducing thousands of miles to a scale, the poet focused on the colorful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River in spring. The first two sentences of the poem are red and green, mountains and rivers, villages and battlements, movements and sounds. But these are not rich enough, and they only depict the bright side of Jiangnan in spring. So the poet added a wonderful stroke: "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy." The resplendent and heavily built Buddhist temple has always given people a deep feeling, but now the poet deliberately lets it linger in the misty rain, adding a hazy and blurred color. This kind of picture and color are in harmony with the beautiful scenery of "thousands of miles of warblers singing green and reflecting red, and the wind of national wine flags in water towns and mountains", which makes this picture of Jiangnan Spring more colorful. The word "Southern Dynasties" adds a distant historical color to this picture. "480" is a saying that the Tang people emphasize quantity. The poet first emphasized that there was more than one magnificent Buddhist temple, and then sang with the sigh that "misty rain is coming", which is particularly reverie.
This poem shows the poet's praise and yearning for the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. However, some researchers put forward the "satire theory", arguing that the emperors of the Southern Dynasties were famous for Buddhism in the history of China, and that the Buddhism in Du Mu's era was also a vicious development, while Du Mu had anti-Buddhism thoughts, so the last two sentences were ironic. In fact, the interpretation of poetry should first start from the artistic image, and should not make abstract inferences. Du Mu's opposition to Buddhism does not mean that he must hate the Buddhist temple architecture left over from history. In Xuanzhou, he often goes to Kaiyuan Temple and other places to play. I have also been to some temples in Chizhou and made friends with monks. Famous phrases such as "Clouds on Jiuhuashan Road, Liu Fuqiao on Qingyi River" and "Autumn Mountain and Spring Rain Wandering All over Jiangnan Temple Building" all show that he still appreciates the balcony of the Buddhist temple. Of course, while enjoying it, it is also possible to drift a little historical emotion occasionally. It expresses that the author's mood is neutral, and there is neither obvious hatred nor obvious evil. He's just writing about the scenery and singing about spring.
Yang Shen's evaluation of Jiangnan Spring in the Ming Dynasty is also quite famous in history. His evaluation is as follows:
Shen's poem of Sheng 'an Temple says: Who can smell it thousands of miles away? Thousands of miles of green reflect red, who can see it? Walking ten miles, you can see the scenery of green and red, with village Guo, balcony, monk temple and wine flag.
He Huan Wen's Textual Research on Poetry in Past Dynasties refutes that even if it is ten miles, it may not be all audible. The title cloud "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" shows that Wan Li in the south of the Yangtze River is vast, and among the Wan Li, birds are singing and reflecting the green. There are no wine flags everywhere in Shuicun Mountain, and most of the towers of the 480 Hall are in the misty rain. This poem has a wide meaning and can't refer to only one place, so it is always called "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River".
[Edit this paragraph] Spring in the South of the Yangtze River written by Kou Zhun.
Kou Zhun
The waves are endless, Liu Yiyi.
The grass in the lonely village is far away, and the apricot flowers fly in the setting sun.
Jiang Nanchun was completely heartbroken, and Pingman Tingzhou people did not return.
Jiang Nanchun, here is the epigraph name.
Kou Zhun is the only existing word with the inscription "Jiangnan Spring". This epigraph may be named by the author from the sentence "It's warm in the south of the Yangtze River" in the Southern Dynasties.
Author's brief introduction Kou Zhun (96 1- 1023) was a politician and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Han nationality. This word is flat and neutral. Huazhou Xiatuo (now Weinan, Shaanxi) was born. Song Taizong was a scholar in the fifth year of Taiping (980). In the fifth year of Chunhua (994), he participated in politics, and his political talents were appreciated by Song Taizong. Zhibadong county. While in Song Zhenzong, he was a member of the League. In the first year of Jingdezhen (1004), the Liao army invaded the Song Dynasty on a large scale, and Kou Zhun persisted in resisting, urging Zhenzong to cross the river and make an alliance with Liao, thus stabilizing the situation. Soon, Minister Wang Qinruo pushed him out. Reuse in old age. Seal Lai Guogong. Later, he was demoted for being framed by Ding Wei, the minister of the Song Dynasty, and moved to Daozhou and Leizhou. Song Renzong Tiansheng died in Leizhou in the first year. Posthumous title is loyal.
Appreciation of Kou Zhun's Ci
With beautiful, gentle and affectionate brushstrokes, scenes, feelings and scenes, this word expresses the feelings of women who are pregnant and hurt their spring. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hu Zai commented on this word in Tiaoxi Fishing in Conghua: "If you look at this idea, you are indecisive; At the end of the temple, the decision-making strategy is comparable to this poem. The same is true of people who are difficult to know! "
The first four sentences outline a picture of Jiangnan in the late spring: spring water is flooding, smoke waves are rippling, willows on the shore are fluttering. The endless lush grassland extends to the distant horizon. In the sunset, the lonely village is deserted, and only withered apricot flowers are flying everywhere. The above four sentences contain rich meanings and feelings. "The waves are boundless" and the water is long, which contains the deep affection of a beautiful woman looking through autumn water. Liu Yiyi makes people feel sad and reminds them of Changting's farewell. The sentence in Lonely Village shows the loneliness of the protagonist's mood, while the sentence in Sunset contains the desolation and sadness of "helpless flowers falling"
The conclusion of the two sentences is based on the layer-by-layer rendering of the previous scenery, which expresses the heroine's sadness directly and vividly, making people feel that her youth is passing away in the long wait of loneliness.