At the end of Lisao, Qu Yuan said, "No one in the whole country knows me, so why bother my old capital?" Since beauty is not enough, I'll live in Peng Xianzhi. Qu Yuan openly put forward his idea of "beautiful politics" here. Qu Yuan also struggled all his life to realize his ideal of "beautiful politics". He lived for it and died for it. All his political and literary activities in his life took the realization of American political thought as the highest and ultimate goal. Finally, when his ideal was completely shattered, Qu Yuan died. What is the content of Qu Yuan's American political thought? What does "American politics" mean? You Guoen in On Reading Sao? 6? 1 Li Sao's On American Politics (1), explaining "American politics", said: "American politicians are people who unite to exclude Qin politics." He also said: "Isn't the so-called American politician a policy to resist Qin?" Youguoen means that the main content of American politics is to unite against Qin and unify the world. He Qifang's Essays on Chu Ci? 6? 1 qu yuan and his works (2) said that qu yuan's "American politics is the politics like Yao Shunyu and Emperor Wendi of the Tang Dynasty". These explanations seem to be incomplete, but they also involve the content of Qu Yuan's thought of American politics. Comparatively speaking, the concise and scientific explanation is Chu Binjie's Essentials of Songs of the South (III), in which he said: "'American politics' is not a political term or a fixed political concept, but refers to beautiful politics, and its connotation can be different due to different political thoughts." Modern and contemporary scholars of Chu Ci have made a lot of discussions on Qu Yuan's American political thought, especially its formation and connotation. Nie Shiqiao, on Qu Yuan? 6? 1 qu yuan's American political thought (4) is a masterpiece of contemporary research on qu yuan's American political thought. He highly summarized the content of Qu Yuan's American political thought. He said: "An important content of Qu Yuan's American political thought is the yearning for a unified country and the pursuit of world unity." "In addition, Qu Yuan's American political thought also includes people-oriented thought, which is the core of his ideal. He advocated "ruling by virtue", "appointing people on merit", "managing the country diligently" and "the concept of rule of law", which is the expression of this people-oriented thought. " He also believed that Qu Yuan advocated governing the country by virtue, and the core of American political ideal to which he devoted himself was virtue. Nie Shiqiao also quoted the original texts of Qu Yuan's poems such as Li Sao, Ai and Si. Lai Zenglin holds that the basic content of Qu Yuan's thought of American politics consists of three parts: first, people-oriented thought and moral politics thought; The second is the rule of law and talent empowerment; The third is to unify thoughts and stabilize the world. It is believed that Qu Yuan's American political thought contains the essence of Taoism, Confucianism, law and other pre-Qin philosophers' thoughts, but as far as its main ideas are concerned, it still comes from the earliest compilation of political historical materials in China-Shangshu. Lai Zenglin attributed the three basic contents of Qu Yuan's thought of American politics to Shangshu. But he also said: "Qu Yuan's American political thought originated from Shangshu, which is different from Shangshu. History books talk about ceremony, but Qu Yuan doesn't talk about ceremony. Because' ceremony' is flashy. " The Book of History says that talents should be awarded according to family background, younger brother and ethnic group, while Qu Yuan only pays attention to appointing people on merit, regardless of family background, younger brother and ethnic group. Zhang Laifang's "Exploring the Source of Lisao" (VI) holds that Qu Yuan's thought of American politics is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, going abroad, uniting with Qi to resist Qin and seeking reunification; Internally, practice the law and recommend it to empower. Xiong Huichun also thinks that Qu Yuan's American political thought consists of three parts in the article Qu Yuan's American political ideal and his spirit of struggle (VII), but his view is slightly different from Lai Linlin's. The three parts he said are: ruling the country by virtue; "Empowering the virtuous" and opposing the old aristocratic forces to control the state affairs; Improve laws and regulations and implement the legal system. He further explained: "Qu Yuan advocates governing the country by virtue, appointing people on merit and innovating legislation, which constitute a complete system of his ideal of' American politics'." The article "On Qu Yuan's American Political Thought" written by Chen Haiyun and Liu Zibing (8) holds that the content of Qu Yuan's American political thought mainly includes five parts: first, the monarch is enlightened and makes a difference; The second is to establish the rule of law; Third, people-oriented thought; The fourth is to cultivate and enable talents; The fifth is the proposition of union. This paper also analyzes the social basis of Qu Yuan's thought of American politics. The article said: "Qu Yuan's American political thought mainly has two social foundations: one is the reactionary rule of China's decadent aristocratic class and the political demands put forward by the emerging landlord class with their own strength; One is that Chu has a sense of urgency in the increasingly fierce and complicated power struggle of the vassal States. " Xiong Liangzhi thinks that Qu Yuan's American political thought is mainly manifested in five aspects, but it is different from what Chen Haiyun and Liu Zibing said. In his book "A Study on the Culture of Chuci" (9), he said: "American political thought is the concentrated expression of Qu Yuan's political thought". There are five main aspects: first, the legislation of powerful countries; The second is to raise talents and empower them; Third, anti-blocking, banning party members, and clear rewards and punishments; The fourth is to encourage farming; Fifth, people-oriented thought. Xiong Liangzhi believes that Qu Yuan's process of realizing his American political thought is to pursue the encounter between monarch and minister. He said: "In his works, Qu Yuan put forward his thoughts on American politics in the form of art ... Qu Yuan also described his pursuit of American politics in his poems and the way he sought to realize his thoughts on American politics. In particular, his glorious poem Li Sao can almost be said to be the political life track and pursuit process of the hero's encounter with the monarch and his subjects who realized American political thought, showing a political schema of the encounter between the monarch and his subjects. " Zhang said in the article "On Qu Yuan's Influence on Lu You" (10): "On the basis of loving the motherland and the people, Qu Yuan put forward the idea of" beautiful politics ",and he pursued it tirelessly even after a narrow death." In his view, it is an important content and part of Qu Yuan's American political thought to take morality as the government, to revise the law, to promote talents and empower the people, to eliminate evil politics, to strengthen the country and enrich the people, and to unify Kyushu. Dai Zhijun thinks that Qu Yuan's American political thought is the political line of landlord class innovation. He's in "Ten Essays on Reading Sao"? 6? 1 On Qu Yuan's thought of "American politics" (1 1) said: "This line is based on the principle of respecting the monarch, saints and ministers, and its specific contents mainly include internal affairs and diplomacy. Reform internal affairs, improve laws and regulations, select talents and attach importance to people's livelihood; Join forces with foreign countries to fight against the state of Qin, strengthen our army and strengthen its strength. Through domestic and diplomatic measures, the strong army will be enriched and unified. His destination is to establish a unified and centralized kingdom of the dictatorship of the landlord class. " He also said: "Qu Yuan is a descendant of the nobility. He changed his position in the fierce and complicated struggle and became the representative of the landlord class. " However, Dai Zhijun added: "The basic tendency of Qu Yuan's political ideal is progressive, but it is not brand-new, but contradictory. ..... Judging from the mainstream of Qu Yuan's thought, he is adapted to the historical trend and is a dynamic revolutionary. " In a word, the main contents of Qu Yuan's thought of American politics are shown in five aspects: first, the thought of benefiting the people by virtue, that is, the people-oriented thought; The second is to cultivate statutes, that is, legal thoughts; Third, the concept of founding the country is to nurture talents and empower them; The fourth is to advocate unity, that is, the idea of strengthening the country; The fifth is to innovate state affairs, that is, to rejuvenate the country. These thoughts not only meet the requirements of Qu Yuan's time, but also are reflected in Qu Yuan's works.
Precautions:
(1) You Guoen's Essays on Songs of the South, Classical Literature Publishing House, 1957.
(2) He Qifang's Essays on Songs of the South, Writers Publishing House, 1957 1.
(3) Chu Binjie's Essentials of Songs of the South, Peking University Publishing House, June 5438+ 10.
(4) Nie Shiqiao's On Qu Yuan, People's Literature Publishing House, February 1982.
⑤ See Collection of Qu Yuan Studies, Hubei Fine Arts Publishing House, June 1999.
[6] Zhang Laifang's Exploration of Lisao, Jiangxi People's Publishing House, 1997, 1.
(7) See Essays on Qu Yuan Studies, edited by Yichang Yanhuang Culture Research Association, June 65438+July 0997.
(9) Xiong Liangzhi's Study on the Culture of Chuci, Bashu Bookstore, June 5438 +2002 10.
⑽ See Jianghan Forum, No.3, 2005.
⑾ Dai Zhijun's Ten Theories on Reading Sao, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House,1May 986.