China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. The word is long and auspicious. Originally from Longxi, he was born in Changgu, Fuchang (now Yiyang, Henan), and later called Lichanggu. The imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty is descended from Li Liang, the king of Zheng, but his family has declined. Outstanding talent as a teenager, a minor celebrity in Beijing. The father's name is Jin Su, and he is not allowed to be promoted to the first place because he avoids his father's taboo. He was depressed and sickly all his life, and only served as Li Lang for three years. He was only 27 when he died. Li He took poetry as his career all his life, and his poems can be divided into four categories. (1) satirizes dark politics and bad social phenomena. Some of these poems express current affairs directly, while others satirize the present with ancient words. Representative works include Wild Goose Gate Taishouxing and Old Lady Picking Jade Songs. Among these poems, there are few five ancient poems and seven ancient poems, and most of them are Yuefu poems. Or borrow old questions, or innovative questions, mostly concise and gorgeous. Some words have vague meanings, such as The Golden Boy Ren Xian Ci Han Ge. Two people are angry and lyrical. This kind of poems not only have personal frustration, depression with illness, fleeting time and short life, but also have the grievance of "no one will ever know" and the lofty aspirations of "there is no hero in the world" and "gathering 50 States in Guanshan". (3) the theme of immortals and ghosts. The twists and turns of this kind of poetry show his disgust and denial of reality. Later generations called him a genius. (4) other themes such as chanting things. This kind of poems generally shows the breadth of Li He's poems and the depth of his thoughts. Li Heshi's imagination is rich and peculiar, profound and fantastic, with refined sentences, magnificent colors and romantic atmosphere. But there are a few poems that are easier to understand. He is good at short stories, such as Ballad in the Sky, Dream in the Sky, Song of Di Zi and Princess Xiang. These are his representative works, and they are called "long matrix". He wrote many ancient poems and Yuefu, but few, and there were no seven laws. His poems draw lessons from the style of Qi Liang Gong Ti poems, and are also contaminated with some unhealthy things. Because of too much emphasis on carving, some poems are often obscure in meaning and piled up in words. Li He once edited his anthology. There is an annotated collection of Li He's poems. I have read Li Shangyin's Biographies of Li He, Biographies of Old and New Tang Books, Xuanshizhi, You Xian Xuan He and Yan Yan in my life.
Name: Li Yongzhi
Gender: male
Date of birth and death: 790-8 16.
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Literary period: literature of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.
Representative works: will enter the wine.
Contemporary writer: Liu Changqing
The writer's life
Li he (790 ~ 8 16)
Poets in Tang Dynasty. The word is long and auspicious. Fuchang (now Yiyang, Henan) was born. Originally from Longxi, he claimed to be "Longxi Changji". Family Fuchang Changgu, later called him Li Changgu. Li He is a descendant of Li Liang, a royal family in the Tang Dynasty, but his family has declined. He has "fine eyebrows, long fingers and long claws" and can write poems in his childhood. At the age of 65,438+05,65,438+06, like his predecessor Li Yi, he became famous for his poem Gong Yuefu. In Yuanhe 34 (808 ~ 809), Han Yu was in Luoyang, and Li He went to visit. It is said that Han Yu and Huang Fusong once paid a return visit together and wrote the famous poem "Gao Xuanguo". Li He's father is called Jin Su, and "Jin" and "Jin" are homonyms. The man contending with Li He said that he wanted to avoid his father's taboo and refused to learn. Han Yu's "taboo discrimination" encouraged Li He to take the exam, but in the end he would not get the first place. Later, I was a Li Lang for three years, and I was not happy. During my stay in Beijing, I lived in Chongyili and became close friends with Wang Shenyuan, Yang Jingzhi, Quan Kun and Cui Zhi. I often travel together. A little slave rides a donkey with a broken tool kit. Li Hede has a poem, that is, write it in a schoolbag and finish it when you get home. Zheng's mother's wife often says, "It's your son's duty to express his heart." . After resigning, he returned to Changgu and stayed in Luzhou (now Changzhi, Shanxi) for a while. He was sickly all his life and died at the age of 27. Before his death, he divided the poem into four parts and gave it to his friend Shen. After his death 15 years, Shen asked Du Mu to write a preface. Out of nostalgia for Li He, it is said that when Li He died, he saw that the Emperor sent an angel from Fei Yi to write a note in Baiyulou in the sky. It is also said that his mother dreamed of Li He one night and said that he was writing notes about Bai Yao Palace for the Emperor of Heaven (Li Hechuan by Li Shangyin and Xuanshizhi by Zhang Du). During the reign of Emperor Zhaozong, Wei Zhuang took Li He Jinshi as the memorial and gave him a replacement. However, due to an incident in court, the performance was put on hold.
Li He devoted his life to poetry. Guo praised Han Yu's prose "pen makes nature useless", which can also be used as his self-praise. His poems include four aspects:
(1) satirizes dark politics and bad social phenomena. His writing of this kind of works has a certain realistic foundation. In his early years, he lived in Changgu, which was close to the road from Luoyang to Chang 'an, and he had to go through transportation, and dignitaries came and went, which made him understand the heavy exploitation of the people and the lewdness and evil deeds of the ruling class, and provided creative materials for precocious poets. Later, during the southern tour, the official dynasty, the corruption and incompetence of the upper ruling group, the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region, the rampant lawlessness of corrupt officials and the suffering of the lower people further aroused the poet's indignation. Li He wrote this kind of poems, some expressed current affairs directly, and some borrowed ancient times to stab the present. Among them, it satirizes the court of the Tang Dynasty, which is full of singing and dancing, feasting and feasting, and enjoying itself day and night, such as drinking by the king of Qin; Vaguely reflect the court events, such as "Han drinking songs"; Criticize Xian Zong's pursuit of immortals, such as Immortal and Messenger of Kunlun; Those who oppose the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region and praise the rebellion in the buffer region, such as A Trip to the Tiger, A Trip to the Wild Gate, The Old Yecheng Boys' Ballad that the King Stabbed Cao Cao, and Guiding, etc. Reflect the arrogance and extravagance of the nobles in Quanmen, such as Rong Hua Le, Qin Gong Shi, Peony Divine Comedy, Sleeping at Night, Nocturnal Songs of the Noble Son, Mocking Teenagers and Ancient Meanings of the Balcony; Satire those eunuchs who lost their talents in power, such as General Lu Song, Liu Satire, San Si and Qing Yin; Reflect the harassment of border enemies and the hard life of anti-enemy fighters such as Moduolouzi; Expose the exploitation and persecution of the people by the feudal ruling class, such as "The Old Lady Picks Jade Songs" and "Five Musts"; Sympathize with the miserable life of imperial concubines, such as "Song of the Palace Baby" and "Opening a House"; Reflect the military resistance activities of ethnic minorities, such as Huangjiadong; Reflecting the sinister cannibalism society, honest people suffer, such as "not going out on business" and "Ai Zhangru"; Criticism of the imperial examination system failed to select real talents, such as Song of Sending Shen Ya, Miscellanies of Renhe Huangfu and so on. Reflects a wide range of social life. A few of these poems use ancient poems with five or seven words, but a large number of them use Yuefu style, or borrow old topics to create new ones or create their own, and most of them are concise and beautiful. Some meanings are obscure, such as the golden boy Ren Xian's ci-poetry and Huan Zi's gigging. Du Mu believes that "if you want to explore his feelings, you can't hear them far away" (Preface to Li Changji's Songs and Fu). In addition to the contemporary Yuefu schools of "Yuan, Bai" and "Zhang and Wang", Li He's poems are unique. Wang Fuzhi's Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty said: "Chang Ji's satire moves people today, and emotions move people today." Mao's "Poetry Discrimination" said: "After the Dali period, Li He was the only one who solved the legacy of Yuefu. The color is wonderful, but the text is mostly outside the article. Carved on the text, it is awkward. " This is the most important part of Li Heshi.
Two people are angry and lyrical. Li He has a positive political embrace of using the world. Although suffering from illness due to career difficulties, there are "I am not satisfied with my twenties, and I am worried about repaying my gratitude like a withered orchid" (Song of Febrile Diseases), but such as Chongyi Staying in the Rain, Gift, Haug, To Drink, Spring Back to the Long Valley, South Garden and so on. However, unwilling to sink, he issued the grandiose words of "there is no hero in the world", "the cock crows all over the world, and the young people's hearts are floating clouds", full of the ambition of "closing the mountain and gathering fifty States" This is another basic aspect of Li Heshi's thoughts and feelings. However, in articles such as A Day Trip, A Bitter Day is Short, Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Xiangquan Wine, Guan Jie Drum, etc., it shows the sorrow of time and the short-lived negative of life.
(3) writing fairy and ghost themes. Li He is a young poet, but there are more than 20 words "death" and more than 50 words "old" in his works, which reflects his sentimental feelings about the fleeting good times. "The fragrance of Qushui is gone forever, and the pear blossoms fall into an autumn garden" ("Henan government tries music in December and March") and "Love is a peach blossom falling in red rain when youth is dying" ("Entering wine"), which expresses his helplessness in real life; "Vaguely harmonious winter, the days are long and the nights are long" ("Henan government tries December music"), which expresses his vision for a better future. In the contradiction between the two, he explored a way to get rid of death, so he had a wonderful fantasy about the realm of immortals. Mythical figures such as the Queen Mother and Chang 'e, paradise scenery such as Pu Yin and the Moon Palace. It appears in masterpieces such as Songs in the Sky and Dreaming of Heaven, which is extremely fantastic. However, in such works as Ancient Tour Parade, Geci, Guan Jie Drum, Shen□, etc. , fictional birth and vicissitudes of the gods. Since you can't escape from death, the description of the ghost world has another kind of horror: "Ghost lights are like lacquer pine flowers" ("Walking in Nanshanchang"), "Ghost rain scatters grass" (Part III of Five Satiries), "Autumn grave ghosts sing precious poems and hate blood for thousands of years" ("Qiu Lai"), and "centenarians are charming. Ghosts haunt me. It's weird. Therefore, Qian Yi and Song Qi in Song Dynasty called Li He a genius. Du Mu said: "It's not surprising to complain about others for stubbornness and arrogance, and pity for others", and "It's not surprising to be vain and absurd" (Preface to Li Changji's Songs and Poems), which is a general comment on this kind of poems.
(4) other themes such as chanting things. Among them, such as Li Ping's quotations, Zi□ songs and listening to Ying Shi's piano music. Through the strange imagination and metaphor of "rock-breaking", this paper describes the superb skills and touching musical beauty of musicians, expresses the author's embrace and gives people a deep feeling. Yang Sheng's Song of Blue and White Purple Stone Inks praised the ingenious workmanship of the working people. The Man in Luofushan and Gepian describes the stunt of the old weaver girl weaving rain to cut Hunan. There are also "four new bamboo shoots in Changgu North Garden" to praise youthful vitality with bamboo shoots; Twenty-three horse poems, by chanting horses, reflect real politics and express the author's anger. The last two groups of poems also use quatrains that Li He usually doesn't use. This kind of poems generally shows the breadth of Li He's poems and the depth of his thoughts. The works such as Beauty Combs Her Hair reveal the author's appreciation attitude towards the life of aristocratic women.
The artistic features of Li He's poems are rich and peculiar imagination, desolate management, refined sentences and magnificent colors. Strange words such as "Why knock on the sun glass", "Drunk and drink the bright moon" ("Drinking by the King of Qin") and "Floating clouds learn the sound of water" ("Songs in the sky") abound. He is especially good at short stories, such as Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Song of Di Zi, ChristianRandPhillips and so on. , is a masterpiece called "long body" by later generations. He also has several works that are easy to understand, such as Love Walks, Five Satiries, Beijing and Mocking Teenagers. He wrote many ancient poems and Yuefu, rarely wrote modern poems that were popular at that time, and never wrote any seven-character poems, which shows his dissatisfaction with the poetic style at that time. On the other hand, he was influenced by the poems of Qi Liang Palace, borrowed their words, and was contaminated with some unhealthy things. Because of too much emphasis on carving, some works also have the defects of obscure meaning and piled up words. But as far as the basic achievement is concerned, just as he praised Han Yu's works, it is "28 nights in my heart, and the essence of Yuan is still there" (Guo). In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Wen's ancient poems followed the path initiated by Li He. Liu Kezhuang and Xie Ao in Song Dynasty, Sadu and Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty, Li Jian and Yao Xie in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Li Heshi. Li Changji's Collection of Song Dynasty Prints
Poets have different opinions on Li He's poems. Du Mu praised him as a "descendant of Sao Miao" (Li Changji's Preface to Songs and Poems), Gao□ called him a "genius of heaven" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), Wang Fuzhi called him an "enemy of truth and worship" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), and Yao thought he was a "ghost" who belittled Li (poetry anthology of Long Valley).
Li He's Poems, edited into four editions, was awarded to Shen, including 223 poems. The four volumes of Li Heji circulated since the Northern Song Dynasty are all 2 19. The number of volumes is the same as that of self-compiled, but the number of articles is different, and the number is also chaotic and inaccurate. There are also five volumes in the anthology, including four volumes plus Waiji 1 volume, and 23 poems, totaling ***242. The number of articles is also different from that compiled by Li He. There are five volumes in Xuancheng edition of the Northern Song Dynasty, which were compiled by Zaijiguge, Dong Shi Zen Powder Room and Jiang Miyun Lou, collectively called Li Poetry. There is also a Southern Song edition of "A Series of Continuation of the Ancient Times" called "Li Changji's Collected Works", which has no external collection. There are also four copies of Tongjianlou in Mongolian, which are called Poems of Li. The last two original works are now in Beijing Library.
The earliest annotation was Wu Zhengzi's annotation in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was circulated in Japanese printed and popular editions. Later, Wang Qi's Poems of Li Changji's Songs selected comments or notes from Wu Zhengzi, Xu Wei, Dong Maoce, Zeng Yi, Yu Guang, Yao□ and Yao et al. There are also Chen's "Xie Lu Gou Xuan", new comments and new comments. The Biography of Li He's Poems, published by 1977, is a compilation of Memories, Notes by Yao and Notes by Fang Shiju. In addition, Qian Zhonglian has Notes on Reading Changgu Poems, A Brief Comment on Li Changji's History of Poetry, and A History of Yongzhen's Poetry, which has new insights on the ability of poetry textual research. Qian Zhongshu Li He Chronicle Annotation, published in 1984, is a new book with the characteristics of chronology and poetry annotation, and its interpretation of poetry is different from the old annotation.
Li He's life includes Li Shangyin's Biography of Li He, the old and new editions of Tang Shu, Xuanshizhi, Advocating and Predicting Immortals, etc., as well as Zhu Ziqing's Chronicle of Li He, Qian Zhonglian's Chronicle of Li Changji and Chronicle of Li He for reference.
2 Li He (1940-), male, Han nationality, born in Kaitong, Heilongjiang Province, professor, party member, CPC. 1965 graduated from the English Department of Beijing Foreign Studies University. In the same year, he went to King's College, University of London, England for further study, specializing in linguistics and studying English history. 1967 returned to China. 1986- 1987 studied at Lancaster university in England and obtained a master's degree in linguistics. 1993- 1994 studied English history at hiram College, Ohio, USA. He used to be the director of the British Social and Cultural Studies Department of the English Department, and the deputy director and director of the English Department. His main works are College English Course (Volume I and Volume II, co-edited, won the second prize of excellent teaching materials from the Ministry of Education), Dictionary of British and American Culture (co-edited) and Overview of English-speaking Countries (co-edited).