problem But we can't. We are not Africans for 300 years. "james weldon johnson said.
The same point of view. He stressed that although African Americans originated in Africa, they are "as complete as anyone in this country."
Americans. "They are not interested in' returning to Africa'. Rudolph Fisher revealed in the short story The End of the Ring
The crux of the matter is: "Go back to Africa!" I will stay here. Why should I go back to a place I have never been? "
A character in Nelle Larsen's novel Pretending to be White refuses to immigrate to Africa because "she is.
Americans. There she is.
Growing up in a land, she didn't want to be uprooted. "
& gt Hughes believes that,
African-Americans have the ability to push the United States towards better democracy, and they are not just doing it for themselves.
For all Americans. He wrote in the poem "Let America be America again": "Ah!
Let America become again.
For America-/this land that has never been America-/it must be a land where everyone is free. "
two
Strong national consciousness and diversity of themes, forms of expression and fields involved are new black writers and artists.
The main characteristics of creation. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, about 65,438+06 black writers published more than 50 poems and novels.
Many black artists have left footprints in the fields of painting, music and drama. These works are all about black people.
Life and folk customs in the south also describe the life of urban blacks. As for the black images in his works, Harlem writers exist.
In two places. The schools represented by du bois, Fossett and Larsen demand to create a perfect and educated middle class.
The black class opposes all practices that damage the black image; The other school, represented by MacKay, advocates exposing the darkness of black life.
The dark side, focusing on depicting the lower class blacks, in order to protest against the social system. On the issue of black primitiveness, black writers
There is a difference between the two. Many blacks, especially whites, are dissatisfied with the emphasis on blacks' exoticism and sensory enjoyment.
I feel unhappy in this respect. Other writers, such as MacKay's Back to Harlem, emphasize that blacks are free as civilized children.
The free side. No matter how colorful the new blacks are, they still show something in common, namely
* * * With the sense of participation in the ideal struggle and the sense of mission to express the black experience through art, they tried to find independence in the black culture.
Something special, find a basic black spirit.
The strong national consciousness shown by the new blacks stems from their common heritage, common life experience and common destiny.
Luck. In American history, blacks have always been regarded as an assimilable nation. John Haye wrote in Assimilation in America.
The article points out: "The most obvious contradiction in the' Melting Pot Theory' is the contradiction between theory and reality, because in the real society,
The relationship between blacks and whites shows that not all immigrants and nations have been assimilated by the melting pot theory. "Before the civil war.
The slave status determined by African-Americans is combined with racial and cultural prejudice, which makes them unable to serve as a social model.
The assimilated part is seriously considered. "African-Americans have experienced it since the first day they set foot on the stage of American history.
An experience that no other American has ever had. They are immigrants, never assimilated, sentenced to slavery, and put themselves in
Beyond the torrent of opportunities in the United States. Even after a bloody civil war aimed at bringing blacks into the ranks of free Americans
After liberation, the experience of African Americans has not stopped being different from others. "
The African-American culture developed under the background of African-American subordination, which is the main symbol of this subordination.
Social mechanisms are plantations and black communities in cities. The former is the living condition of most black people before the 20th century. They first
He was a slave and later became a sharecropper, while the latter was a product of the 20th century, when rural blacks moved to cities on a large scale.
The consequences of the market. In these two environments, blacks not only absorbed the white culture, but also developed their own unique subculture.
On the one hand, blacks accepted the equality values in American democratic creed; On the other hand, they have to face inequality and inequality.
The reality of social recognition. This has promoted the formation of unique cultural isomorphism. They demand complete equality, but at the same time,
Song's comprehensive strength as a nation. Richard wright's Understanding of National Consciousness in Black American Literature
The profound symbolic meaning makes a classic statement: "If the expression of African Americans suddenly turns to a national leader in a strict sense,
Problem, through this signal, you will know that we are in the hands of white neighbors, suffering from the old pain of history.
But if we expand the scope of expression and deal with the theme of * * * in the literary expression that marks the heritage of all mankind, then
Through this signal, you will know that the attitude of the United States towards us is good. "
In this new black cultural movement, the dominant position is national consciousness rather than class consciousness. Although harlem renaissance writers
Some people are bitter, but they are more interested in resisting racism in America than accepting socialism.
There is also the theory of capitalism.
There are many reasons. The main reason is their belief in American democracy. they
I hate people who have no tolerance, but I love American land and American tradition and history. Despite being treated unfairly, they are very similar.
I believe that the promise of American democracy will come true one day. They do not seek to overthrow the US government, but in a harsh
Defend the black way in a white world full of hatred. Fundamentally speaking, their purpose is to make the United States
Democracy promises to spread to blacks, not to completely destroy it. "In fact, there were not many writers in the harlem renaissance period.
It is better to protest against the unfair implementation of the American system. "
Although the American Production Party did not win the support of most black writers and intellectuals in harlem renaissance, the new black writers
Not completely divorced from the influence of the * * * productism movement, two famous writers took a keen interest in * * * productism. they
It's Claude McKay and langston hughes. They regard productism as a solution to the racial and economic problems faced by African-Americans.
Potential ways. They interacted with socialists and producers, visited the Soviet Union and told about the Bolshevik revolution.
Compassion. But in the end, they gave up this position.
three
The new black cultural movement is the exploration of the new black intellectuals in the United States on the road of black liberation from literature and art. he
Scientists believe that the ultimate way out for black Americans is to integrate into American society on the premise of adhering to their own personality, which has increased over the same period.
The "Return to Africa" movement is in stark contrast.
Long before slavery was abolished, there were two main views on the way out for black Americans. A kind of master
Zhang sent black people back to Africa. Another view is that the way out for black Americans lies in the United States, and they are fighting for freedom and equality.
It should be done on American soil.
Historically, the idea of repatriating black Americans to Africa or other places outside the United States was mainly confined to whites. Ralph Bunn
Ralph Bang Qi believes that "the real meaning of colonial plan is to regard blacks as evil that must be eradicated."
Even humanitarians and liberals like Thomas Jefferson and abraham lincoln are interested in such projects.
Fun. Jefferson thought there were two kinds of black and white in Virginia Notes.
Family can't be peaceful.
, can only end in the demise of a race. The only way to solve the problem of black people is to send them outside the United States.
. The American Colonial Association was founded in 18 16.
The purpose is to put those