Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were the pioneers of the Renaissance. They were called the "Three Stars of the Renaissance" and the "Three Heroes of the Literary World." In addition, the Italian Renaissance in the 16th century During this period, the art of painting reached maturity, and its representative painters were known as the "Three Masters of Art" (the three post-Renaissance masters). They were: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.
1: Dante's famous works:
The love poem "Rebirth", the philosophical poem "The Banquet", the lyric poem "Collection of Verses", the long poem "The Divine Comedy", the Latin article "On the Sayings" Political essay "On the Kingdom" Latin poem "Pastoral" Dante's collected "Letters"
Dante was born in Florence, Italy, into a declining aristocratic family. He was born in 1265, and his date of birth is unknown. Qing, according to his own statement in the poem, was "born under the constellation Gemini", which should be late May or early June. His biological mother died when he was 5 years old, and his father had a second marriage. His stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister. There are few records of Dante's life, but there are many people who wrote them, many of which are unreliable. He may not have received formal education (some people say that he studied in Bologna and Paris). He learned from many famous friends and teachers. He learned a lot there, including Latin, Provence and music. He may have been a knight when he was young and participated in several wars. He was married when he was 33 years old. His wife gave birth to 6 children for him, only 4 (3 Male and 1 female) survived. But what he really loves is an 8-year-old little girl named Belayanicai. The statue of Dante outside the Dante Museum in Florence. At that time, the political circles in Florence were divided into two factions. One was the Zeppelins who were loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor, and the other was the Gaelphians who were loyal to the Pope. After 1266, due to the strong power of the Pope , the Gaelfis were victorious and the Zeppelins were exiled. Pope Boniface VIII, who was elected in 1294 after the Gaelfis came to power, wanted to control Florence. Some wealthy citizens wanted the city's independence and were unwilling to be controlled by the Pope, so they divided into the "White Party". The other part did not settle and hoped to rely on the Pope. The forces turned around and became the "black party". The two factions fought again. Dante's family originally belonged to the Gaelfi sect. Dante passionately advocated independence and freedom, so he became the backbone of the White Party and was elected as one of the six members of the Executive Committee of the highest authority. In 1301, the Pope sent Carlo di Valois, the brother of the King of France, to Florence to "mediate peace." The White Party suspected that the trip had another purpose and sent a delegation headed by Dante to persuade the Pope to withdraw his order. , but to no avail. Sure enough, after Carlo arrived in Florence, he immediately organized the Black Party to massacre the opposition, took control of Florence, and announced the exile of Dante. Once he returned to the city, any Florentine soldier could execute him and burn him to death. From then on, Dante never returned. Can return to my hometown. In 1308, Henry VII of Luxembourg was elected Holy Roman Emperor and was preparing to invade Florence. Dante wrote to him and pointed out the locations where he needed to attack, so the Whites also began to hate Dante. When Henry died in 1313, Dante's hopes were dashed. In 1315, Florence was taken over by the military, and it was announced that if Dante paid a fine, spread ashes on his head, hung a knife around his neck, and paraded through the streets for a week, he would be exempted from crime and return to the country. Dante wrote back: "This method is not my way back to my country! If it damages my reputation, Dante, I will never set foot on the land of Florence again! Can't I enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere?" Am I not allowed to have access to precious truths without bowing to the citizens of Florence? To be sure, I have no fear of having no bread to eat!” Dante lived in several Italian cities during his exile, and some records say that he lived there. After going to Paris, he used his writings to relieve his homesickness, and wrote all his friends and enemies in his life into his famous work "The Divine Comedy". He ridiculed the Pope, and wrote about his unrequited lover in his life, a man named Bayard. The beauty who died at the age of 25 was arranged to go to the highest realm of heaven. Dante died in a foreign country in 1321, in Ravenna, northeastern Italy.
Two: Petrarch’s representative works
The famous collection of narrative poems, "Africa", "Ode to Italy" and "Biographies"
1304 7 He was born in Arezzo on July 20, 1374 and died in Alqua on July 19, 1374. His father was a lawyer from a prominent Florentine family. He went into exile in France with his father since he was a child, and later studied law. After his father's death, he concentrated on literary activities and traveled around Europe. He also served as a priest, had the opportunity to visit churches and courts, observe life, pursue knowledge, and proposed to replace "God's thoughts" with "human thoughts", and was called the "Father of Humanism." Petrarch's father was originally a lawyer in Florence. He was expelled from the city in 1302 due to disagreements with the leaders of the Black Party and moved to Arezzo. On July 20, 1304, Petrarch was born here. After several moves, their family moved to Avignon in southern France in 1312, where the Holy See was located at that time. Therefore, Petrarch had close ties with the pope and other upper-class elements. This situation is not only related to his growth, but also helpful to his future humanistic activities. Petrarch loved literature and rhetoric when he was a boy, and was especially interested in classical works. The poetry of Virgil in ancient Rome and the speeches of Cicero strongly attracted him. But his father wanted him to become a jurist.
Therefore, from 1316 onwards, he studied law in Montepolis, France and Bologna, Italy. After his father died in 1320, he gave up studying law and freely developed his hobbies. In the same year he returned to Avignon and took up a minor teaching position. From 1330 to 1347, he served under Cardinal Vanni Colonna. He was not busy with work in the church, which made him participate in some political and diplomatic activities of the Holy See while tirelessly studying literature and composing poetry. As a poet, Petrarch's reputation quickly spread. In 1340, Paris and Rome vied with each other to invite him to receive the crown. As a result he decided to go to Rome. On April 8, 1341, he accepted the title of "Poet Laureate" on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. On July 19, 1374, Petrarch died in a small village called Akva. When his body was found, his head was still buried among Virgil's manuscripts.
Three Boccaccio: "The Life of Dante", "Genealogy of the Pagan Gods" and "The Decameron"
Boccaccio was the Florentine merchant Calino Boccaccio and The illegitimate son of a French woman. Regarding his birthplace, there is a lack of precise information to judge. He is said to have been born in Chitaldo, near Florence, and another is said to have been born in Paris. His biological mother died when he was young, and he came to Florence with his father. Soon, his father remarried, and he spent his childhood under the cruelty of his strict father and stepmother. Later, he was sent to Naples by his father, where he reluctantly learned business in a trading company in which his father had a stake, but gained nothing. His father asked him to study law and religious regulations, but neither business nor law attracted his interest. He loved literature since he was a child, so he began to study poetry on his own and read the works of classic writers. This period of life allowed him to personally experience the lives, thoughts and emotions of citizens and businessmen, which was incorporated into the "Decameron" he wrote later. While living in Naples, Boccaccio had the opportunity to visit the court of King Robert of Angelo. Here, his suppressed personality and talents are fully displayed. He had extensive contacts with many humanist poets, scholars, theologians, and jurists, and was exposed to the lives of noble knights. This enriched his life experience, expanded his cultural and artistic horizons, and further revitalized his interest in classical culture and literature. He met Robert's illegitimate daughter Maria again at the court and fell in love with her. This romantic experience also left a deep mark on his literary creation. Some of the female images he created in his later literary works can be traced to Maria. In the winter of 1340, Boccaccio's father's business activities suffered setbacks, the economic situation deteriorated, and he was unable to recover. Unable to maintain his original leisurely life, Boccaccio returned to Florence. In the sharp and fierce political struggle in Florence, he always stood firmly on the side of the Communist Party and the government and opposed the feudal aristocratic forces. He participated in the guild, held a position in financial management, and was entrusted by the Communist Party and the government many times to serve as a special envoy to other Italian city-states and the Holy See to perform diplomatic missions. In 1350, Boccaccio met the poet Petrarch. The following year, he was commissioned to invite the exiled Petrarch back to Florence to host academic discussions. From then on, these two outstanding humanists established a close friendship. Boccaccio devoted himself to the study of classical literature and became a learned humanist. He translated Homer's works and made important contributions in collecting, translating and annotating ancient classics. In his later years, he devoted himself to the interpretation and explanation of the "Divine Comedy" and once chaired a discussion of the "Divine Comedy" at the University of Florence. On October 23, 1373, Boccaccio fell ill and gave his last speech at the "Divine Comedy" seminar at the University of Florence. The death of his close friend Petrarch the next year gave him a great mental blow. On December 21, 1375, Boccaccio died in Chitaldo.
Four: Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci is most familiar to the world for his superb painting art. His most famous works include: "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Day". "The Supper" "The Madonna of the Rocks" "St. Anna and the Virgin and Child"
Da Vinci's Chronology:
Florence, Italy, April 15, 1452** *Sir Piero da Vinci and Caterina were born in the suburbs of Wenxi Village in the Republic of China. In 1465, he entered Verrocchio's studio and became a disciple (13 to 14 years old). In 1473, he created the "Holy Annunciation Picture" 》 In 1476, he was accused of committing the crime of homosexuality with other disciples of Verrocchio. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old). In 1482, he painted "The Worship of the Three Wise Kings" and returned to Milan (30 years old) 1483 In 2002, he received an order from St. Francis of Assisi and the Grand Church to create "The Virgin on the Rock" (31 years old). In 1495, he began to paint "The Last Supper" (43 years old). From 1502 to 2003, he returned to Florence and began to paint. "Mona Lisa" (50 years old) In 1516, at the invitation of the King of France, he went to Amberoise, France (64 years old) Died in Amberoise on May 2, 1519 (67 years old) Leonardo da Vinci left behind during his lifetime A large number of unorganized manuscripts written backwards with the left hand are difficult to interpret. Only in the mid-17th century did scholars compile a small number of Leonardo da Vinci's manuscripts. Leonardo da Vinci's major manuscripts were lost for more than 200 years and were not rediscovered until 1817.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, a city not far from Florence in central Italy, and spent his childhood there. In 1469 he came to Florence and became an apprentice in Verrocchio's studio. In 1472, he entered the Painters Guild of that year. In terms of art, he is an expert in sculpture but pays special attention to the art of painting. He said: "Painting is the daughter of nature." Legend has it that when he was young, he once helped his teacher paint a painting called "The Baptism of Christ by John". There was a little angel drawn in the painting, which turned out to be better than all the other characters drawn by the teacher. The teacher, who was already somewhat famous at that time, was so ashamed that he no longer dabbled in painting and only engaged in sculpture. In terms of science, he observed celestial bodies and once wrote: "The sun does not move." He discovered the "solar center theory" almost at the same time as Copernicus; he studied the scientific principles of flight and designed and manufactured the first aircraft; He dissected more than thirty corpses, explored the structure of the human body, and was the first to discover the growth process of babies in the mother's body. He once said: "You may be put off by the natural stench... You may also be impatient and industrious. In these areas I have not been hindered by greed or laziness. What hinders me is only Not enough time." When he was young, Leonardo da Vinci studied painting in the studio of Florentine painter Verrocchio. In 1481, he left Florence for Milan, and was later invited by King Francis I to go to France. Leonardo da Vinci was a genius in the world at that time. His main talents were in scientific discovery and imagination. He once designed helicopters, aircraft, hot-air balloons, siege engines, urban defense systems, drainage systems, and studied the human body. Anatomy, proportion, perspective. He was the first European painter to paint landscapes, and he was known for his scientific and clear mind. Of course, some people think that he rarely realizes his ideas and rarely makes real achievements, so he is just a false name in science. Among the "Three Masters" of the Renaissance (the other two being Michelangelo and Raphael), the figures in his paintings are real and lifelike, and the compositions are rigorous and steady. In his later years, Leonardo da Vinci settled at Chateau De Clos Luce in the Loire Valley, France, where he completed his self-portrait. In his later years, Leonardo da Vinci became calm and quiet, and devoted himself to studying the relationship between faith and nature. He died in Crow Castle in 1519. "If you have a fulfilling day, you can sleep peacefully; if you live a fulfilling life, you can have no regrets" is a famous line in his will.
Five:
Michelangelo
Born on March 6, 1475 in Capres near Florence, his father was a native of Quechi and Capu Borough mayor of the city of Rice. At the age of 13, he entered the studio of the Florentine painter Ghirlandaio, and later transferred to the Medici Academy in the Convent of San Marco as an apprentice. In 1496, Michelangelo came to Rome and created his first representative works, "Bacchus" and "Lamentation of Christ". In 1501, he returned to Florence and spent four years completing the world-famous "David". In Rome in 1505, he was ordered by Pope Julius II to be responsible for the construction of the papal mausoleum. In 1506, after the work was suspended, he returned to Florence. In 1508, he was ordered to return to Rome and spent four years and five months completing the famous ceiling mural of the Sistine Chapel. In 1513, construction of the Papal Mausoleum resumed, and Michelangelo created the famous "Moses", "The Bound Slave" and "The Dying Slave". From 1519 to 1534, he created the greatest work of his life in Florence - the sculptures of the Medici mausoleum in the Church of San Lorenzo. In 1536, Michelangelo returned to the Sistine Chapel in Rome and spent nearly six years creating the great church mural "The Last Judgment". He then lived in Rome, engaged in sculpture, architecture and a small amount of painting, until his death in his studio on February 18, 1564. Michelangelo represents the highest peak of European Renaissance sculpture art. The figures he created are majestic, powerful, and full of infinite power. A large number of his works show extraordinary ideal processing based on realism and have become typical symbols of the entire era. His artistic creation was deeply influenced by humanistic thoughts and the religious reform movement. He often used realist techniques and romantic fantasies to express the patriotism and the spirit of the struggle for freedom of the civilian class at that time. Michelangelo's art is different from Leonardo da Vinci's scientific spirit and philosophical thinking. Instead, he poured his tragic passion into his works of art. This tragedy is expressed in a magnificent form, and the hero he creates is both a symbol of ideals and a reflection of reality. All these make his artistic creation an insurmountable peak in the history of Western art. Michelangelo lost his mother when he was six years old and was raised in the home of a stonemason's wife, so he became interested in sculpture from an early age. His father sent him to study in a Latin and Greek school, but his father's reprimands were useless when he studied painting. At the age of thirteen, he entered a Florentine painter's studio to study painting; in 1489, he transferred to another painter to study sculpture. Later he became a student and assistant at an art school. It was the center of the Renaissance and the center of humanist scholars. I worked there for fourteen years and was cultivated into a great artist both intellectually and artistically. causing him to leave Florence for Rome.
At the age of twenty-four, he began to engage in creation as a sculptor and produced the famous David (sculpture) and Holy Family (murals). He also painted murals for the Pope in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. It took four years for one person to paint 343 people on the ceiling of more than 500 square meters. For such a grand project, some people were hired as assistants. In the end, the only one I liked was one who mixed paints and did odd jobs. He did all the painting himself. Michelangelo painted these giants full of superhuman strength, adept at expressing rich movements and reaching dramatic climaxes. What people feel from it is a solemn ode to mankind. The last twenty years of his life were devoted to architecture. His works are majestic and majestic, so the women he paints also have masculine qualities. Never marry, purely spiritual and not physical. He fought his whole life in loneliness.
Michelangelo's famous works
Murals "The Last Judgment", "Genesis", "Paul's Return", "Martyrdom of Peter", sculptures "David" and "Laoco?n"
p>
Six: Raphael
The representative works "The Marriage of the Virgin", "The Sistine Madonna" and "The School of Athens"
Born in Urbi on April 6, 1483 Nuno died in Rome on April 6, 1520. His original name was Raffaello Sangio. He studied painting with his father (court painter of the Duke of Urbino) since he was a child, and later transferred to Perugino's apprentice. He left the army in 1500. Raphael's early works reveal extraordinary genius. The "Marriage of the Virgin" painted when he was 21 years old not only shows that he fully absorbed the artistic essence of Perugino, but also came from behind and made innovations in composition and image creation. In particular, the balance of the picture, the depiction of the background, and the dignity and elegance of the images of the Virgin Mary and her husband Joseph are all rare in the works of previous painters. He lived in Florence from 1504 to 1508, where he was influenced by the once restored democracy and politics, democratic spirit and humanistic ideas. At the same time, he carefully understood the artistic characteristics of the masters of each painting school and learned from the strengths of others. He especially devoted himself to studying the composition techniques of Leonardo da Vinci and the human body expression and powerful style of Michelangelo, making his unique and beautiful style of classical spirit increasingly mature. , thus quickly achieving great achievements that stand on par with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. His series of Madonna portraits are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters. They all embody humanistic ideas with maternal tenderness and youthful fitness. The most famous among them are "Madonna with Oriole" (collected in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence), "Madonna in the Grass" (collected in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) and "Madonna in the Garden" (collected in the Louvre Museum). The large-scale oil painting "Sistine Madonna" painted in 1512-1513, the figures are similar to life-size, the triangular composition composed of the Virgin and the saints is solemn and balanced, the Virgin and Jesus have strong and strong postures, showing the power of maternal love. Happiness and greatness. Another taller one is the "Madonna of Foligno" in the form of an altarpiece, and the "Madonna in the Chair" and "Madonna of Alba" created later, both of which can be called his flawless works. After 1509, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint murals in the Vatican Palace, among which the murals in the Signature Hall were the most outstanding. This batch of paintings spread all over the walls and roof of the hall represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetry and law. In addition to displaying his unique painting style, the works also pay special attention to painting expression and architecture. The full harmony of decoration gives people a solemn, rich and colorful feeling. Important works during this period include "The Expulsion of Eliodoro from the Temple" and "The Mass of Porsina" painted for the Heliodoro Hall, "The Fire Alarm in Borgo" painted for the Fire Hall and "The Triumph of Galatea" painted in the Villa Farnesina, etc. The image shaping and use of light and color in these works have reached a new level, and are known as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art.